Biology:Bactrospora

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Bactrospora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi of uncertain familial placement in the order Arthoniales. These lichens grow as thin crusts on tree bark in shaded, humid environments and are distinguished by their unusually long, needle-like spores that often break apart into smaller pieces. Species in the genus are found worldwide, particularly in tropical and temperate forests where they help form part of the diverse bark-dwelling lichen community.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the Italian paleobotanist and lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1852. Massalongo distinguished Bactrospora primarily by its distinctive spore characteristics: rod-shaped spores that divide into two-celled, elliptical segments—combined with polysporous asci containing 18–20 spores. He established B. dryina as the type species based on material collected from Germany.[1]

Description

Bactrospora forms a thin, crust-like thallus that either sits on the bark surface or sinks slightly into it. The crust is usually continuous and even, though older colonies may crack into an irregular mosaic, and its surface can appear scurfy or powdery. Because a true [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]—the protective outer skin found in many lichens—is missing, the fungal layer merges directly with the algal partner. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is the orange-tinged green alga Trentepohlia, whose cells become visible and stain the thallus orange when the surface is gently scratched. A [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (an outer fringe of pure fungal tissue) is poorly developed and often escapes notice. No characteristic lichen products have been detected with thin-layer chromatography.[2]

The fruit bodies of Bactrospora are tiny, black to black-brown [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (apothecia) that sit on the thallus without a rim of surrounding tissue (a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). Their own wall, the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], stays conspicuous; it is dark red-brown at the edge but becomes paler further in, and a drop of potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) turns this pigment an olive-black. Internally, the clear (hyaline) hymenium contains stout, sparsely branched [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] whose tips interlink to form a cap ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) ranging from pale to dark red-brown. Each ascus follows the Opegrapha-type [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] pattern: its wall splits apart when the spores are released, and an iodine staining may reveal a faint blue dome over the tiny ocular chamber at the apex.[2]

Ascospores are elongated, thin and needle-like, divided by dozens of internal walls. Mature spores frequently break up into smaller spherical or short-cylindrical part-spores, so older asci often appear to contain many more than the original eight. Asexual reproduction occurs in flask-shaped pycnidia embedded in the thallus; these produce colourless, rod-shaped conidia that escape through a dark-brown pore whose pigment also turns green-black in KOH. Bactrospora is usually corticolous, colonising the bark of trees in shaded, humid habitats, and can be told apart from related genera such as Lecanactis and Cresponea by its extremely multiseptate, fragmentation-prone spores.[2]

Species

As of June 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 24 species of Bactrospora.[3]

Bactrospora dryina
  • Bactrospora angularis Sobreira, Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2015)[4]
  • Bactrospora arthonioides Egea & Torrente (1993)[5]
  • Bactrospora brevispora R.C.Harris (1990)[6]
  • Bactrospora brodoi Egea & Torrente (1993)[5]
  • Bactrospora carneopallida Egea & Torrente (1993)[5]
  • Bactrospora carolinensis (Ellis & Everh.) R.C.Harris (2011)[7]
  • Bactrospora cascadensis Ponzetti & McCune (2006)[8]
  • Bactrospora corticola (Fr.) Almq. (1869)[9]
  • Bactrospora cozumelensis Y.García-Mart., Guzmán-Guillermo, R.Valenz. & Raymundo (2021)[10] – Quintana Roo
  • Bactrospora dryina (Ach.) A.Massal. (1852)[1]
  • Bactrospora flavopruinosa F.Berger & Aptroot (2008)[11]
  • Bactrospora granularis Kantvilas (2004)[12]
  • Bactrospora homalotropa (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente (1989)[13]
  • Bactrospora inspersa Aptroot (2007)[14]
  • Bactrospora intermedia Egea & Torrente (1993)[5]
  • Bactrospora jaceae Velen. (1940)[15]
  • Bactrospora lamprospora (Nyl.) Lendemer (2004)[16]
  • Bactrospora lecanorina Herrera-Camp., Altamirano & Lücking (2019)[17]
  • Bactrospora littoralis Jagad.Ram (2014)[18]
  • Bactrospora mangrovei Devadatha & V.V.Sarma (2023)[19] – India
  • Bactrospora medians Jagad.Ram (2014)[18]
  • Bactrospora mesospora R.C.Harris (1990)[6]
  • Bactrospora metabola (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente (1995)[20]
  • Bactrospora micareoides Kantvilas (2004)[12]
  • Bactrospora namibiensis Egea, Sérus., Torrente & Wessels (1997)[21] – Namibia
  • Bactrospora nematospora R.C.Harris (1990)[6]
  • Bactrospora ochracea Ertz & van den Boom (2018)[22]
  • Bactrospora paludicola Kantvilas (2004)[12]
  • Bactrospora perspiralis Sparrius, Saipunk. & Wolseley (2006)[23]
  • Bactrospora spiralis Egea & Torrente (1993)[5]
  • Bactrospora subdryina Sparrius, Saipunk. & Wolseley (2006)[23]
  • Bactrospora thyrsodes (Stirt.) Llop & van den Boom (2009)[24]
  • Bactrospora totonacae Guzmán-Guillermo, Sorcia-Navarrete & Cárdenas-Mendoza (2021)[25]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Massalongo, A.B. (1852) (in la). Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi. Verona, Italy: Dalla tipografia di A. Frizierio. p. 133. https://archive.org/details/ricerchesullaut00massgoog/page/n154/mode/2up. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Ertz, D.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J.; Wolseley, P. (2023). Arthoniales: Roccellaceae [revision 1, including the genera Cresponea, Dendrographa, Dirina, Enterographa, Gyrographa, Lecanactis, Ocellomma, Pseudoschismatomma, Psoronactis, Roccella, Schismatomma and Syncesia]. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 32. p. 8. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Roccellaceae%20rev%201.pdf. open access
  3. ↑ "Bactrospora". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3768. 
  4. ↑ Sobreira, P.N.B.; Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. (2015). "A world key to species of the genus Bactrospora (Roccellaceae) with a new species from Brazil". The Lichenologist 47 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000607. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Egea, J.M.; Torrente, P. (1993). "The lichen genus Bactrospora". The Lichenologist 25 (3): 211–255. doi:10.1006/lich.1993.1028. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Harris, R.C. (1990). Some Florida lichens. New York: New York Botanical Gardens. p. 39. 
  7. ↑ Harris, R.C. (2011). "Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi - no 15: miscellaneous notes on species from eastern North America". Opuscula Philolichenum 9: 45–75. doi:10.5962/p.382029. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/382029. 
  8. ↑ Ponzetti, J.; McCune, B. (2006). "A new species of Bactrospora from northwestern North America". The Bryologist 109 (1): 85–88. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2006)109[0085:ANSOBF2.0.CO;2]. 
  9. ↑ Almquist, S. (1869). Om de skandinaviska arterna af lafslägtena, Schismatomma, Opegrapha och Bactrospora. p. 25. 
  10. ↑ García-Martínez, Y.A.; Guzmán-Guillermo, J.; Valenzuela, R.; Raymundo, T. (2021). "Bactrospora cozumelensis sp. nov. from Mexico". Mycotaxon 136 (3): 627–634. 
  11. ↑ Berger, F.; Aptroot, A. (2008). "Bactrospora flavopruinosa, a new lichen species from Bermuda". The Lichenologist 40 (6): 543–547. doi:10.1017/S0024282908008104. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Kantvilas, G. (2004). "A contribution to the Roccellaceae in Tasmania: new species and notes on Lecanactis and allied genera". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 34 (1): 183–203. 
  13. ↑ Torrente, P.; Egea, J.M. (1989). La Familia Opegraphaceae en el Area Mediterránea de la Península Ibérica y Norte de Africa. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 32. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 179–185. ISBN 978-3-443-58011-7. 
  14. ↑ Aptroot, A.; Saipunkaew, W.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Sparrius, L.B.; Wolseley, P.A. (2007). "New lichens from Thailand, mainly microlichens from Chiang Mai". Fungal Diversity 24: 75–134. 
  15. ↑ Velenovský, Josef (1939) (in la). Novitates mycologicae. Prague: L. Souc̆ek. p. 175. 
  16. ↑ Lendemer, J.C. (2004). "Changes and additions to the checklist of North American Lichens. - I". Mycotaxon 89 (2): 255–258. 
  17. ↑ Herrera-Campos, M.A.; Barcenas-Peña, A.; Miranda-González, R.; Altamirano Mejía, M.; Bautista González, J.A.; Martínez Colín, P.; Sánchez Téllez, N.; Lücking, R. (2019). "New lichenized Arthoniales and Ostropales from Mexican seasonally dry tropical forest". The Bryologist 122 (1): 62–83. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-122.1.062. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M. (2014). "New species and new records in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) from the Andaman Islands, India". Biotaxa 177 (3): 155–162. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.3. 
  19. ↑ Devadatha, B.; Venkateswara Sarma, V. (2023). "Bactrospora mangrovei sp. nov., a novel marine lichenized fungus from Muthupet mangroves of India based on morpho-molecular data". Kavaka 59 (1): 92–97. doi:10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/92-97. 
  20. ↑ Egea, J.M.; Torrente, P. (1995). "Melampilidium metabolum belongs in Bactrospora". Mycotaxon 53: 57–61. 
  21. ↑ Egea, J.M.; Sérusiaux, E.; Torrente, P.; Wessels, D. (1997). "Three new species of Opegraphaceae (Lichens) from the Namib desert". Mycotaxon 61: 455–466. 
  22. ↑ Van den Boom, P.P.G.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Divakar, P.K.; Ertz, D. (2018). New or interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Suriname, with descriptions of eight new species. 10. pp. 244–258. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Sparrius, L.B.; Saipunkaew, W.; Wolseley, P.A.; Aptroot, A. (2006). "New species of Bactrospora, Enterographa, Graphidastra and Lecanographa from Northern Thailand and Vietnam". The Lichenologist 38 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1017/S0024282905005414. 
  24. ↑ Llop, E.; van den Boom, P.P.G. (2009). "Notes on the lichen genus Bacidia s. l. (lichenized Ascomycota) in Cape Verde Islands and new lichen records for the archipelago". Mycotaxon 109: 171–179. doi:10.5248/109.171. 
  25. ↑ Guzmán-Guillermo, J.; Sorcia-Navarrete, P.L.; Llarena-Hernández, R.C.; Cárdenas-Mendoza, K.D.R. (2021). "Bactrospora totonacae (Arthoniales, Ascomycota), a new species from Veracruz, Mexico". Acta Botanica Mexicana 128 (e1900): 1–6. doi:10.21829/abm128.2021.1900. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q4840085 entry



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