Biology:Baudin's black cockatoo
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| Baudin's black cockatoo | |
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| Holotype. Lear. 1832.[1] | |
Scientific classification 
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| Species: | C. baudinii
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| Binomial name | |
| Calyptorhynchus baudinii Lear, 1832
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| Range in red | |
Baudin's black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii), also known as Baudin's cockatoo or the long-billed black cockatoo, is a species of genus Calyptorhynchus found in southwest Australia. The epithet commemorates the French explorer Nicolas Baudin. It has a short crest on the top of its head, and the plumage is mostly greyish black. It has prominent white cheek patches and a white tail band. The body feathers are edged with white giving a scalloped appearance. Adult males have a dark grey beak and pink eye-rings. Adult females have a bone coloured beak, grey eye-rings and ear patches that are paler than those of the males.
Taxonomy and naming
Edward Lear depicted the species in Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots, published in 1832, from a specimen owned by Benjamin Leadbeater, though did not write a description or provide measurements.[3] The female bird he figured as the type specimen was indicated by Lear in a note at the base of the plate as, “In the possession of Mr Benjamin Leadbeater”.
Carnaby's black cockatoo, species Calyptorhynchus latirostris, and this population have previously been classified as the same species..
Common names include Baudin's black cockatoo or long-billed black cockatoo.[4]
Within the genus, the two Western Australian white-tailed species, the short-billed C. latirostris and this long-billed black cockatoo, together with the yellow-tailed black cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus of eastern Australia are allied to the Calyptorhynchus subgenus Zanda. The red-tailed and glossy black cockatoos form the other subgenus, Calyptorhynchus. The two groups are distinguished by differing juvenile food begging calls and the degree of sexual dimorphism. Males and females of the latter group have markedly different plumage, whereas those of the former have similar plumage.[5]
The three species of the subgenus Zanda have been variously considered as two, then as a single species for many years. In a 1979 paper, Australian ornithologist Denis Saunders highlighted the similarity between the short-billed and the southern race xanthanotus of the yellow-tailed and treated them as a single species with the long-billed as a distinct species. He proposed that Western Australia had been colonised on two separate occasions, once by a common ancestor of all three forms (which became the long-billed black cockatoo), and later by what has become the short-billed black cockatoo.[6] However, an analysis of protein allozymes published in 1984 revealed the two Western Australian forms to be more closely related to each other than to the yellow-tailed,[7] and the consensus since then has been to treat them as three separate species.[5]
Description
Baudin's black cockatoo is about 56 cm (22 in) long. It is mostly dark-grey with narrow vague light-grey scalloping, which is produced by narrow pale-grey margins at the tip of dark-grey feathers. It has a crest of short feathers on its head, and it has whitish patches of feathers that cover its ears. Its lateral tail feathers are white with black tips, and the central tail feathers are all black. The irises are dark brown and the legs are brown-grey. Its beak is longer and narrower than that of the closely related and similar Carnaby's black cockatoo.[8]
The adult male has a dark grey beak and pink eye-rings. The adult female has a bone coloured beak, grey eye-rings, and its ear patches are paler than that of the male. Juveniles have a bone coloured beak, grey eye-rings, and have less white in the tail feathers.[8]
One individual had reached an age of 47 years by 1996.[9]
Distribution and habitat
The Baudin's black cockatoo is one of two species of white-tailed black cockatoo endemic to south-western Australia which were only separated taxonomically in 1948. It is closely associated with moist, heavily forested areas dominated by marri Corymbia calophylla and is threatened by habitat destruction.
Conservation
The IUCN red list notes the species as Zanda baudinii, recognising an elevation of the subgenus in its conservation assessment. The range of threats to the declining population, estimated to be between ten and fifteen thousand remaining individuals, is listed with the conservation status of endangered by extinction.[2]
The bird is part of an annual census, the Great Cocky count, that has been held every year since 2009 to track the population change of Baudin's and other black cockatoos.[10]
Sites identified by BirdLife International as being important for Baudin's black cockatoo conservation are Araluen-Wungong, Gidgegannup, Jalbarragup, Mundaring-Kalamunda, North Dandalup, the Stirling Range and The Lakes.[11]
Illustration
Female ...
and male at Margaret River, Western Australia
photo of men taking nest in large tree, Emu, 1903
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References
- ↑ "Species Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) baudinii Lear, 1832 Baudin's Black-Cockatoo, Long-billed Black-cockatoo" (in en). biodiversity.org.au. https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Calyptorhynchus_%28Zanda%29_baudinii. Retrieved 29 July 2018. "Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy Saunders, D.A. 1979. Distribution and taxonomy of the white-tailed and yellow-tailed black-cockatoos Calyptorhynchus spp. The Emu 79: 215-227 [226]"
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 BirdLife International 2016. Zanda baudinii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22684727A93043870. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684727A93043870.en. Downloaded on 19 May 2019.
- ↑ Saunders, Denis A (1974). "Subspeciation in the White-tailed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus baudinii, in Western Australia.". Wildlife Research 1 (1): 55–69. doi:10.1071/WR9740055.
- ↑ Christidis, Les and Walter E. Boles (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds ISBN:978-0-643-06511-6
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 150–51. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
- ↑ Saunders, Denis A (1979). "Distribution and taxonomy of the White-tailed and Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus spp.". Emu 79 (4): 215–27. doi:10.1071/MU9790215.
- ↑ Adams, M; Baverstock, PR; Saunders, DA; Schodde, R; Smith, GT (1984). "Biochemical systematics of the Australian cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuinae)". Australian Journal of Zoology 32 (3): 363–77. doi:10.1071/ZO9840363.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Forshaw (2006). plate 1.
- ↑ "Longevity records for Psittaciformes in captivity". International Zoo Yearbook 37: 299–316. 2000. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00735.x.
- ↑ "Record number of volunteers sign up for Great Cocky Count". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 April 2014. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-02/record-number-of-volunteers-sign-up-for-great/5362128. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
- ↑ "Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo". Important Bird Areas. BirdLife International. 2012. Archived from the original on 2001-11-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20011128211428/http://www.birdlife.org/. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
Cited texts
- Forshaw, Joseph M (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09251-6. https://archive.org/details/parrotsofworldid0000fors.
External links
- BirdLife Species Factsheet
- Non-lethal deterrent system for Baudin's cockatoo (vulnerable species)
- Western Australian Museum website Cockatoo Care page
- A Runcible Cockatoo, TaxonomyAustralia. (For an entertaining account of the taxonomic difficulties associated with Baudin's black cockatoo.
Wikidata ☰ Q587489 entry
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