Biology:Biatora

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Biatora is a genus of lichens in the family Ramalinaceae. Originally circumscribed in 1817,[1] the genus consists of crustose and squamulose lichens with green algal photobionts, biatorine apothecia, colorless, simple to 3-septate ascospores, and bacilliform pycnospores.[2]

Description

Biatora species are crustose lichens with a spreading ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) thallus that may appear thin and somewhat membranous in places. The surface is often cracked ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) and, in species that grow in association with mosses, may be [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] or warted. The thallus is typically creamy white, dull green, glaucous green, or green-grey and lacks a distinct outer protective layer ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). Some species produce soredia, small reproductive [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] that facilitate dispersal. A [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], the initial fungal layer that some lichens form before developing a full thallus, is absent. The photosynthetic partner ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) is a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] alga, a group characterized by spherical to broadly ellipsoidal cells.[3]

The reproductive structures (apothecia) are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], meaning they lack a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] derived from the lichen thallus itself. They are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] or closely [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] to the surface and range from weakly to strongly convex. In some species, the apothecia are initially flat with a shallow margin but later become [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (without a distinct border). Their colour varies widely, including light beige, dark reddish brown, green-grey, bluish green, or khaki. Black apothecia are rare but, when present, have a green or blue tint when wet. Most species lack [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], the powdery surface coating found on some lichens.[3]

A well-developed [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (the outer tissue of the apothecium) is present but becomes reflexed over time. It consists of tightly packed, radiating hyphae embedded in a gel matrix that remains stable in potassium hydroxide (K) solution and does not swell. The outer edge may be coated with a thin gel layer. The hymenium, where spores develop, is 30–100 μm tall and typically lacks a distinct [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (uppermost layer), though some species show pale pigmentation at the top. It does not contain granules or oil droplets and reacts with iodine (I+), staining red-brown when young and blue in older herbarium specimens. Below the hymenium, the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is distinct and slightly opaque due to the presence of ascogenous hyphae (spore-producing structures). The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], a supporting tissue beneath the hymenium, consists of interwoven hyphae embedded in a dense gel matrix.[3]

The paraphyses, sterile filamentous structures within the hymenium, are coherent in KOH, have narrow [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (0.5–2.5 μm wide), and are mostly unbranched, though occasional branching or connections (anastomoses) occur. The tips of the paraphyses are slightly swollen, sometimes reaching up to 5 μm in diameter, and rarely bear a distinct cap or hood. The asci, where spores develop, contain eight spores and have a Biatora-type structure. They feature a blue-staining (K/I+) apical dome penetrated from below by a non-staining (K/I–) apical cushion, which is surrounded by a deeply blue-staining zone. The ascus walls themselves do not stain in K/I but are surrounded by an outer layer that reacts red-brown in iodine (I+) and blue in K/I. The ocular chamber, an internal structure within the ascus, is relatively small.[3]

The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are colourless, with a shape ranging from ellipsoidal to [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (thread-like) or [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (spindle-shaped). They may be aseptate (lacking internal divisions) or have between one and seven septa. The spores are smooth and do not possess a distinct outer coating ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). Asexual reproduction occurs via conidia, which are produced in small, flask-shaped reproductive structures called pycnidia. These structures are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] within the thallus and have an unpigmented or weakly pigmented wall, similar in colour to the hymenium. The conidia themselves are colourless, aseptate, and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (rod-shaped).[3]

Chemically, Biatora lichens can contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including gyrophoric acid and argopsin, and less commonly, other depsides, depsidones, xanthones, or usnic acid. Some species, however, lack detectable secondary metabolites when analysed using thin-layer chromatography.[3]

Species

  • Biatora alaskana Printzen & Tønsberg (2000)
  • Biatora alnetorum S.Ekman & Tønsberg (2019)
  • Biatora amylacea Palice, Malíček, Vondrák & Printzen (2023)[4] – Europe
  • Biatora appalachensis Printzen & Tønsberg (2004)[5]
  • Biatora aureolepra T.Sprib. & Tønsberg (2009)[6]
  • Biatora australis Rodr.Flakus & Printzen (2016)[7]
  • Biatora bacidioides Printzen & Tønsberg (2003)[8]
  • Biatora britannica Printzen, Lumbsch & Orange (2001)
  • Biatora carneoalbida (Müll. Arg.) Coppins (1992)
  • Biatora chrysantha (Zahlbr.) Printzen (1994)
Biatora chrysantha
Biatora pontica
  • Biatora chrysanthoides Printzen & Tønsberg (2003)[8]
  • Biatora cuprea (Sommerf.) Fr. (1831)
  • Biatora cuyabensis (Malme) S.Y.Kondr. (2019)
  • Biatora efflorescens (Hedl.) Räsänen (1935)
  • Biatora ementiens (Nyl.) Printzen (2014)
  • Biatora epirotica Printzen & T.Sprib. (2011)[6]
  • Biatora epixanthoides (Nyl.) Diederich (1989)
  • Biatora globulosa (Flörke) Fr. (1845)
  • Biatora hafellneri Rodr.Flakus & Printzen (2016)[7]
  • Biatora halei (Tuck.) S.Y.Kondr. (2019)
  • Biatora hemipolia (Nyl.) S.Ekman & Printzen (2014)
  • Biatora ivanpisutii S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2016)
  • Biatora kalbii (Brako) S.Y.Kondr. (2019)
  • Biatora kodiakensis Printzen & Tønsberg (2004)[5]
  • Biatora ligni-mollis T.Sprib. & Printzen (2009)[6]
  • Biatora loekoesiana S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2018)
  • Biatora longispora (Degel.) Lendemer & Printzen (2019)
  • Biatora meiocarpa (Nyl.) Arnold (1887)
  • Biatora nobilis Printzen & Tønsberg (2000)
  • Biatora oligocarpa Printzen & Tønsberg (2004)[5]
  • Biatora oxneri (S.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös & Hur) Printzen & Kistenich (2018)
  • Biatora pacifica Printzen, Tønsberg & G.Thor (2016)[7]
  • Biatora pallens (Kullh.) Printzen (2005)
  • Biatora pausiaca Printzen & Tønsberg (2003)[8]
  • Biatora pontica Printzen & Tønsberg (2003)[8]
  • Biatora printzenii Tønsberg (2002)[9]
  • Biatora pseudosambuci (S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur) S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2016)
  • Biatora pycnidiata Printzen & Tønsberg (2004)[5]
  • Biatora radicicola Printzen, Palice & J.P.Halda (2016)[7]
  • Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen (1995)
  • Biatora subhispidula (Nyl.) S.Y.Kondr. (2019)
  • Biatora terrae-novae Printzen & J.W.McCarthy (2016)[7]
  • Biatora toensbergii Holien & Printzen (1995)[10]
  • Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. (1882)
  • Biatora veteranorum Coppins & Sérus. (2010)[11]
  • Biatora vezdana S.Y.Kondr. (2019)

The taxon Biatora marmorea, found in Alaska, was proposed as a new species in 2020;[12] however, it is an illegitimate name as it had already been used for a species that is now known as Bagliettoa marmorea.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Fries EM, Sandberg A. (1817). Lichenum dianome nova. Lund.
  2. ↑ Printzen, C.; Tønsberg, T. (1999). "The lichen genus Biatora in northwestern North America". The Bryologist 102 (4): 692–713. doi:10.2307/3244256. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Cannon, P.; Ekman, S.; Kistenich, S.; LaGreca, S.; Printzen, C.; Timdal, E.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B. et al. (2023). Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae [revision 1, including the genera Bacidia, Bacidina, Bellicidia, Biatora, Bibbya, Bilimbia, Cliostomum, Kiliasia, Lecania, Megalaria, Mycobilimbia, Phyllopsora, Ramalina, Scutula, Thalloidima, Toninia, Toniniopsis and Tylothallia]. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 35. pp. 23–24. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Ramalinaceae%20rev%201a_0.pdf.  open access
  4. ↑ Palice, Zdeněk; Malíček, Jiří; Vondrák, Jan; Printzen, Christian (2023). "A distinctive new species of Biatora (Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales) described from native European forests". The Lichenologist 55 (5): 325–334. doi:10.1017/S0024282923000464. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Printzen, C.; Tønsberg, T. (2004). "New and interesting Biatora-species, mainly from North America". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 34 (1): 343–352. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Spribille, Toby; Björk, Curtis R.; Ekman, Stefan; Elix, John A.; Goward, Trevor; Printzen, Christian; Tønsberg, Tor; Wheeler, Tim (2009). "Contributions to an epiphytic lichen flora of northwest North America: I. Eight new species from British Columbia inland rain forests". The Bryologist 112 (1): 109–137. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-112.1.109. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Printzen, Christian; Halda, Josef P.; McCarthy, John W.; Palice, Zdeněk; Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela; Thor, Göran; Tønsberg, Tor; Vondrák, Jan (2016). "Five new species of Biatora from four continents". Herzogia 29 (2): 566–585. http://www.jjh.cz/jphbib/490.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Printzen, C.; Tønsberg, T. (2003). "Four new species and three new apothecial pigments of Biatora". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 86: 133–145. 
  9. ↑ Tønsberg, Tor (2002). "Additions to the Lichen Flora of North America XI". The Bryologist 105 (1): 122–125. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0122:ATTLFO2.0.CO;2]. 
  10. ↑ Printzen, Christian (1995). Die Flechtengattung Biatora in Europa. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 60. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-443-58039-1. 
  11. ↑ Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Brand, A. Maarten; Motiejunaite, Jurga; Orange, Alan; Coppins, Brian J. (2010). "Lecidea doliiformis belongs to Micarea, Catillaria alba to Biatora, and Biatora ligni-mollis occurs in Western Europe". The Bryologist 113 (2): 333–344. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.2.333. https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/175324/1/2010%20The%20Bryologist%20113%282%29.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Svensson, Måns; Tønsberg, Tor; Ekman, Stefan; Holien, Håkon; Resl, Philipp et al. (2020). "Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska". The Lichenologist 52 (2): 61–181. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079. PMID 32788812. 
  13. ↑ "Record Details: Biatora marmorea T. Sprib., in Spribille, Fryday, Pérez-Ortega, Svensson, Tønsberg, Ekman, Holien, Resl, Schneider, Stabentheiner, Thüs, Vondrák & Sharman, Lichenologist52(2): 89 (2020)". Index Fungorum. http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=830093. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q4902679 entry



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