Biology:Bidens pilosa

From HandWiki
Short description: Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Bidens pilosa
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Bidens
Species:
B. pilosa
Binomial name
Bidens pilosa
L. 1753
Synonyms[1]
Immature fruiting head
Barbs on awn of Bidens pilosa
Inflorescences

Bidens pilosa is an annual species of herbaceous flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Its many common names include hitch hikers, black-jack, beggarticks, farmer's friends and Spanish needle, but most commonly referred to as cobblers pegs. It is native to the Americas but is widely distributed as an introduced species in other regions including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America and the Pacific Islands,[2] and is classified as an invasive species in some regions of the world.[3][4]

Description

Bidens pilosa is a branched annual forb of gracile habit, growing up to 1.8 meters tall. It grows aggressively on disturbed land and often becomes weedy. The leaves are all oppositely arranged and range from simple to pinnate in form, the upper leaves with three to five dentate, ovate-to-lanceolate leaflets. The petioles are slightly winged.[5]

The plant may flower at any time of the year, but mainly in summer and autumn in temperate regions. The flowers are small heads borne on relatively long peduncles. The heads consist of about four or five broad white ray florets (ligules), surrounding many tubular yellow disc florets without ligules that develop into barbed fruits.[6]

The fruits are slightly curved, stiff, rough black rods, tetragonal in cross section, about 1 cm long, typically with two to three stiff, heavily barbed awns at their distal ends.

The infructescences form stellate spherical burrs about one to two centimeters in diameter. The barbed spines of the achenes get stuck in the feathers, fur, fleeces, clothing, or any other parts of people or animals that brush against the plant.[7][8] It is an effective means of seed dispersal by zoochory, as the fruits are transported by animals.

This mechanism has helped the plant become a noxious weed in temperate and tropical regions.[4][5][9] It is susceptible to hand weeding if small enough. Even then it must be bagged, and thick mulches may prevent it from growing.[10][11]

Distribution

The species is native to tropical America, widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate and tropical regions of the world.[12][13] A weed of gardens, woodlands and waste areas.[14][15][16]

Common names

Its many English common names include black-jack,[17]: 819  beggarticks, hairy beggarticks, cobbler's pegs, devil's needles, hairy bidens, Spanish needle, farmers friend, devil's pitchfork, hitch hikers and sticky beaks.[18][19][20]

Uses

Although Bidens pilosa is primarily considered a weed, in many parts of the world it is also a source of food and alternative medicine.[21] The leaves have a resinous flavor and are eaten raw or in stews or dried for storage. In eastern Africa it is used for medicinal purposes to treat wounds.[22] Extracts from Bidens pilosa are used in southern Africa for malaria.[10]

During the Vietnam War, soldiers[which?] adopted the herb as a vegetable, which led to it being known as the "soldier vegetable".[23]

Chemistry

Almost 200 compounds have been isolated from B. pilosa, especially polyacetylenes and flavonoids.[24] The plant contains ethyl caffeate, a hydroxycinnamic acid.[25]

See also

Metallophyte

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Bidens pilosa L.
  2. ↑ Bidens pilosa. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). USFS.
  3. ↑ Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Pyšek, Petr; Kartesz, John; Nishino, Misako; Pauchard, Aníbal; Winter, Marten; Pino, Joan; Richardson, David M. et al. (2013). "Globalization Effects on Common Plant Species". Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. pp. 700–706. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00239-2. ISBN 978-0-12-384720-1. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Cobbler's pegs" (in en). https://weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au/weeds/cobblers-pegs. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Flora of North America, Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
  6. ↑ "Spanish needles: definition of Spanish needles in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/spanish-needles?q=spanish+needles. 
  7. ↑ "Plant Discoveries Sherwin Carlquist Island Biology LOSS of DISPERSIBILITY on ISLANDS". http://www.sherwincarlquist.com/loss-of-dispersibility-on-islands.html. 
  8. ↑ "beggarticks: definition of beggarticks in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/beggarticks?q=beggars+ticks. 
  9. ↑ Multimedia, Acura. "*Bidens pilosa — Noosa's Native Plants". http://noosanativeplants.com.au/plants/942/*bidens-pilosa. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Grubben, G. J. H.; Denton, O. A., eds (2004). Vegetables. PROTA. p. 115. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9. OCLC 57724930. https://edepot.wur.nl/417517. 
  11. ↑ "Sustainable Horse Keeping". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208231046/http://goldcoasthorse.com.au/Gold_Coast_Horse/Sustainable_Horse_Keeping.html. 
  12. ↑ "Bidens pilosa (Blackjack)". BioNET EAFRINET Keys and Factsheets. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Bidens_pilosa_(Blackjack).htm. 
  13. ↑ "Factsheet - Bidens pilosa". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103457/http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/080c0106-040c-4508-8300-0b0a06060e01/media/Html/Bidens_pilosa.htm. 
  14. ↑ "Bidens pilosa - Cobbler's Pegs - Edible Weeds and Bush Tucker Plant Foods". http://www.survival.org.au/bf_bidens_pilosa.php. 
  15. ↑ "Dangars Falls and Salisbury Waters". http://www.donsmaps.com/salisbury.html. 
  16. ↑ "Elizabeth and Rob". http://elizabeth-nowell.blogspot.com.es/. 
  17. ↑ Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2. 
  18. ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17 
  19. ↑ "Wilderness Survival, Tracking, and Awareness". https://www.survival.org.au/bf_bidens_pilosa.php. 
  20. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia, Bidens pilosa L., Cobbler's Peg
  21. ↑ Grubben, G. J. H. & O. A. Denton. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  22. ↑ Pieroni, Andrea (2005). "Gathering food from the wild". in Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark. The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 0415927463. 
  23. ↑ Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-9745240896. 
  24. ↑ Lima Silva, Fabiana; Fischer, Dominique Corinne Hermine; Fechine Tavares, Josean; Sobral Silva, Marcelo; Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho, Petronio; Barbosa-Filho, Jose Maria (26 January 2011). "Compilation of Secondary Metabolites from Bidens pilosa L.". Molecules 16 (2): 1070–1102. doi:10.3390/molecules16021070. PMID 21270729. 
  25. ↑ Chiang, Yi-Ming; Lo, Chiu-Ping; Chen, Yi-Ping; Wang, Sheng-Yang; Yang, Ning-Sun; Kuo, Yueh-Hsiung; Shyur, Lie-Fen (October 2005). "Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF- κ B activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE 2 in vitro or in mouse skin". British Journal of Pharmacology 146 (3): 352–363. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706343. PMID 16041399. 

Wikidata ☰ Q814421 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Bidens_pilosa&oldid=4500547"