Biology:Bioreactor

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Short description: System that supports a biologically active environment 
A bioreactor is any manufactured device or system that supports a biologically active environment.[1] In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. These bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from litres to cubic metres, and are often made of stainless steel.

It may also refer to a device or system designed to grow cells or tissues in the context of cell culture.[2] These devices are being developed for use in tissue engineering or biochemical/bioprocess engineering.

General structure of a continuous stirred-tank type bioreactor


Organisms or biochemically active substances growing in bioreactors may be submerged in liquid medium or may be anchored to the surface of a solid medium. Submerged cultures may be suspended or immobilized. Suspension bioreactors may support a wider variety of organisms, since special attachment surfaces are not needed, and can operate at a much larger scale than immobilized cultures. However, in a continuously operated process the organisms will be removed from the reactor with the effluent. Immobilization is a general term describing a wide variety of methods for cell or particle attachment or entrapment.[3] It can be applied to basically all types of biocatalysis including enzymes, cellular organelles, animal and plant cells and organs.[4][5] Immobilization is useful for continuously operated processes, since the organisms will not be removed with the reactor effluent, but is limited in scale because the microbes are only present on the surfaces of the vessel.

Large scale immobilized cell bioreactors are:

Design

A closed bioreactor used in cellulosic ethanol research


Scale-down bioreactors play an important rule in process development as they allow for parameters to be fine-tuned without substantial materials or consumables investments.[6]

Types

Photobioreactor

Moss photobioreactor with Physcomitrella patens

A photobioreactor (PBR) is a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source (that may be natural sunlight or artificial illumination). Virtually any translucent container could be called a PBR, however the term is more commonly used to define a closed system, as opposed to an open storage tank or pond. Photobioreactors are used to grow small phototrophic organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae, or moss plants.[7] These organisms use light through photosynthesis as their energy source and do not require sugars or lipids as energy

Sewage treatment

Bioreactors for specialized tissues

A bioreactor used to ferment ethanol from corncob waste being loaded with yeast

Many research groups have developed novel bioreactors for growing specialized tissues and cells on a structural scaffold, in attempt to recreate organ-like tissue structures in-vitro. Among these include tissue bioreactors that can grow heart tissue,[8][9] skeletal muscle tissue,[10] ligaments, cancer tissue models, and others. Currently, scaling production of these specialized bioreactors for industrial use remains challenging and is an active area of research.

For more information on artificial tissue culture, see tissue engineering.

Modelling

Until now, the industries associated with biotechnology have lagged behind other industries in implementing control over the process and optimization strategies. A main drawback in biotechnological process control is the problem of measuring key physical and biochemical parameters.[11]

Operational stages in a bio-process

A bioprocess is composed mainly of three stages—upstream processing, bioreaction, and downstream processing—to convert raw material to finished product.[12]


Finally, the material produced in the bioreactor must be further processed in the downstream section to convert it into a more useful form. The downstream process mainly consists of physical separation operations which include solid liquid separation, adsorption, liquid-liquid extraction, distillation, drying etc.[13]

Specifications

A typical bioreactor consists of following parts:

Agitator – Used for the mixing of the contents of the reactor which keeps the cells in the perfect homogenous condition for better transport of nutrients and oxygen to the desired product(s).

Baffle – Used to break the vortex formation in the vessel, which is usually highly undesirable as it changes the center of gravity of the system and consumes additional power.

Sparger – In aerobic cultivation process, the purpose of the sparger is to supply adequate oxygen to the growing cells.

Jacket – The jacket provides the annular area for circulation of constant temperature of water which keeps the temperature of the bioreactor at a constant value.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "bioreactor". doi:10.1351/goldbook.B00662
  2. ↑ "Bioreactoes and Cultivation Systems for Cell and Tissue Culture". http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C17/E6-58-04-15.pdf. 
  3. ↑ López, Asunción; Lázaro, Nuria; Marqués, Ana M. (September 1997). "The interphase technique: a simple method of cell immobilization in gel-beads". Journal of Microbiological Methods 30 (3): 231–234. doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(97)00071-7. 
  4. ↑ Kowalczyk, Tomasz; Sitarek, Przemysław; Toma, Monika; Rijo, Patricia; Domínguez-Martín, Eva; Falcó, Irene; Sánchez, Gloria; Śliwiński, Tomasz (August 2021). "Enhanced Accumulation of Betulinic Acid in Transgenic Hairy Roots of Senna obtusifolia Growing in the Sprinkle Bioreactor and Evaluation of Their Biological Properties in Various Biological Models" (in en). Chemistry & Biodiversity 18 (8). doi:10.1002/cbdv.202100455. ISSN 1612-1872. PMID 34185351. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.202100455. 
  5. ↑ Peinado, Rafael A.; Moreno, Juan J.; Villalba, Jose M.; González-Reyes, Jose A.; Ortega, Jose M.; Mauricio, Juan C. (December 2006). "Yeast biocapsules: A new immobilization method and their applications". Enzyme and Microbial Technology 40 (1): 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.040. 
  6. ↑ Tozer, Stephanie; Krishnan, Raj; Rausch, Steve; Smiley, Dave; Rathore, Anurag (2005-03-01). "Scaling Down of Biopharmaceutical Unit Operations — Part 1: Fermentation" (in en). BioPharm International. BioPharm International-03-01-2005 18 (3). https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/scaling-down-biopharmaceutical-unit-operations-part-1-fermentation. 
  7. ↑ Decker, Eva L.; Reski, Ralf (14 August 2007). "Current achievements in the production of complex biopharmaceuticals with moss bioreactors". Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 31 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1007/s00449-007-0151-y. PMID 17701058. 
  8. ↑ Bursac, N.; Papadaki, M.; Cohen, R. J.; Schoen, F. J.; Eisenberg, S. R.; Carrier, R.; Vunjak-Novakovic, G.; Freed, L. E. (1 August 1999). "Cardiac muscle tissue engineering: toward an in vitro model for electrophysiological studies". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277 (2): H433–H444. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.2.h433. PMID 10444466. 
  9. ↑ Carrier, Rebecca L.; Papadaki, Maria; Rupnick, Maria; Schoen, Frederick J.; Bursac, Nenad; Langer, Robert; Freed, Lisa E.; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana (5 September 1999). "Cardiac tissue engineering: Cell seeding, cultivation parameters, and tissue construct characterization". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 64 (5): 580–589. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990905)64:5<580::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-X. PMID 10404238. 
  10. ↑ Heher, Philipp; Maleiner, Babette; Prüller, Johanna; Teuschl, Andreas Herbert; Kollmitzer, Josef; Monforte, Xavier; Wolbank, Susanne; Redl, Heinz et al. (September 2015). "A novel bioreactor for the generation of highly aligned 3D skeletal muscle-like constructs through orientation of fibrin via application of static strain". Acta Biomaterialia 24: 251–265. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.033. PMID 26141153. 
  11. ↑ Carlsson, Bengt (March 24, 2009). "An introduction to modeling of bioreactors". https://www.it.uu.se/edu/course/homepage/modynsyst/vt11/Lecture/DynSystBior2009.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Rosser, J.; Thomas, D. J. (2018-01-01), Thomas, Daniel J.; Jessop, Zita M.; Whitaker, Iain S., eds., "10 - Bioreactor processes for maturation of 3D bioprinted tissue" (in en), 3D Bioprinting for Reconstructive Surgery (Woodhead Publishing): pp. 191–215, ISBN 978-0-08-101103-4, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081011034000107, retrieved 2020-12-14 
  13. ↑ Jana, AMIYA K. (2011). CHEMICAL PROCESS MODELLING AND COMPUTER SIMULATION. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. 
  14. ↑ "Bioreactor- Basics". http://iitd.vlab.co.in/?sub=63&brch=177&sim=647&cnt=1. 

Further reading

  • Pauline M Doran, Bio-process Engineering Principles, Elsevier, 2nd ed., 2013 ISBN 978-0-12-220851-5
  • Biotechnology company



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