Biology:Bolesatine
Bolesatine is a glycoprotein isolated from the mushroom Rubroboletus satanas (Boletus satanas Lenz), a basidiomycete in the bolete family. Bolesatine has a lectin function that is specific to the sugar binding site of D-galactose.[1] It is a monomeric protein with a compact globular structure and is thermostable. It is considered a lectin. It has a molecular mass of approximately 63 kDa.[2] One tryptophan can be found in its primary sequence along with one disulfide bridge.
Bolesatine causes gastroenteritis in humans[3] and, at high enough concentrations, inhibits protein synthesis.[4] It does not inhibit protein synthesis directly. It was previously suggested that bolesatine belonged to the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) family; however, experimental analysis using Endo's assay did not detect β-fragments which are characteristic of N-glycosylase activity, suggesting that bolesatine does not act through ribosomal depurination.[2]The toxicity of bolesatine is heat-labile; the protein is denatured at elevated temperatures, which results in the loss of its biological activity.[5] Instead, it acts as a phosphatase for nucleoside triphosphate, particularly for GTP.[6] This enzymatic function disrupts cellular GTP-dependent processes and is considered the cause of inhibition of protein synthesis.[2] At lower concentrations, it is a mitogen to human and rat T lymphocytes.[7] Studies have shown that at low concentrations, protein kinases C (PKC) are activated in vitro and in vero cells, leading to an increase in DNA synthesis activity.[8]
Effects of bolesatine poisoning
Other than the accumulation of toxins in human liver and organs, Bolesatine poisoning causes agglutination in human red blood cells and platelets at threshold concentrations. The following symptoms of hypertension and dizziness would be expected when affected. In severe cases, death may result.[9] Gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain have also been reported upon consuming raw or insufficiently cooked Rubroboletus satanas.[5]
References
- ↑ Gachet, C.; Ennamany, R.; Kretz, O.; Ohlmann, P.; Krause, C.; Creppy, E. E.; Dirheimer, G.; Cazenave, J. P. (January 1996). "Bolesatine induces agglutination of rat platelets and human erythrocytes and platelets in vitro". Human & Experimental Toxicology 15 (1): 26–29. doi:10.1177/096032719601500105. ISSN 0960-3271. PMID 8845205. Bibcode: 1996HETox..15...26G.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Landi, Hussain, Pedone, Ragucci,Di Maro, Nicola, Hafiza Z. F., Paolo V., Sara, Antimo (2022). "Ribotoxic Proteins, Known as Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis, from Mushrooms and Other Fungi According to Endo’s Fragment Detection". https://mdpi-res.com/toxins/toxins-14-00403/article_deploy/toxins-14-00403.pdf?version=1655117873.
- ↑ Kretz, Olivier; Creppy, Edmond Ekue; Dirheimer, Guy (January 1991). "Disposition of the toxic protein, bolesatine, in rats: its resistance to proteolytic enzymes.". Xenobiotica 21 (1): 65–73. doi:10.3109/00498259109039451. PMID 2003368.
- ↑ Kretz, Olivier; Creppy, Edmond Ekue; Dirheimer, Guy (February 1991). "Characterization of bolesatine, a toxic protein from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz and it's [sic] effects on kidney cells.". Toxicology 66 (2): 213–24. doi:10.1016/0300-483x(91)90220-u. PMID 1707561. Bibcode: 1991Toxgy..66..213K.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Patocka, Jiri (2018). "BOLESATINE, A TOXIC PROTEIN FROM THE MUSHROOM RUBROBOLETUS SATANAS". https://mmsl.cz/pdfs/mms/2018/01/03.pdf.
- ↑ Ennamany, R.; Lavergne, J.P.; Reboud, J.P.; Dirheimer, G.; Creppy, E.E. (June 1995). "Mode of action of bolesatine, a cytotoxic glycoprotein from Boletus satanas Lenz. Mechanistic approaches". Toxicology 100 (1–3): 51–55. doi:10.1016/0300-483x(95)03058-n. ISSN 0300-483X. PMID 7624882. Bibcode: 1995Toxgy.100...51E.
- ↑ Licastro, Frederico; Morini, Maria Cristina; Kretz, Olivier; Dirheimer, Guy; Creppy, Edmond Ekue; Stirpe, Fiorenzo (May 1993). "Mitogenic activity and immunological properties of bolesatine, a lectin isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz". International Journal of Biochemistry 25 (5): 789–792. doi:10.1016/0020-711x(93)90366-m. PMID 8349019.
- ↑ Ennamany, R.; Marzetto, S.; Saboureau, D.; Creppy, E. E. (1995-12-01). "Lipid peroxidation induced by bolesatine, a toxin ofBoletus satanas: Implication in m5dC variation in Vero cells related to inhibition of cell growth" (in en). Cell Biology and Toxicology 11 (6): 347–354. doi:10.1007/BF01305906. ISSN 1573-6822. PMID 8788210. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01305906.
- ↑ Ennamany, R.; Bingen, A.; Creppy, E. E.; Kretz, O.; Gut, J. P.; Dubuisson, L.; Balabaud, C.; Bioulac Sage, P. et al. (November 1998). "Aspirin and heparin prevent hepatic blood stasis and thrombosis induced by the toxic glycoprotein Bolesatine in mice". Human & Experimental Toxicology 17 (11): 620–624. doi:10.1177/096032719801701106. ISSN 0960-3271. PMID 9865419. Bibcode: 1998HETox..17..620E.
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