Biology:Botzinger complex

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Short description: Group of neurons located in rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column

In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of mainly expiratory neurons located within the ventral respiratory column in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (immediately caudal to the facial nucleus and ventral to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus).[1][2]

Function

The Bötzinger complex plays an important role in controlling breathing[3][4] and response to hypoxia.[5][6] It consists primarily of glycinergic neurons[7] which inhibit the activity of inspiratory neurons. In the respiratory cycle, Bötzinger neurons show mainly E-augmenting or E-decrementing activity.[8][9][10]

Name

The Bötzinger complex was named by the participants of a scientific meeting held in Hirschhorn in 1980 after a bottle of white wine named Botzinger present at the dinner table during the conference dinner.[11]

Connections

The Bötzinger Complex has projections to:

Only augmenting expiratory neurons of BötC, which are exclusively glycinergic, project to the phrenic nucleus.[21][14]

Projections to the Bötzinger complex include the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)[22][23] and VRG.[24]

Physiology

These neurons may act as intrinsic pacemakers.[25] E-decrementing neurons display an initial burst of activity followed by decrease towards the end of expiration. Aug-E neurons begin firing during the E2 phase and end before the phrenic nerve burst.[19][26]

References

  1. ↑ "Electrophysiological properties of rostral medullary respiratory neurones in the cat: an intracellular study.". J Physiol 407: 293–310. 1988. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017416. PMID 3256618. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Morphology of expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex: an HRP study in the cat.". J Comp Neurol 258 (4): 565–79. 1987. doi:10.1002/cne.902580407. PMID 3034989. 
  3. ↑ "Reciprocal connections between rostral ventrolateral medulla and inspiration-related medullary areas in the cat.". Brain Res 565 (1): 171–4. 1991. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91751-l. PMID 1773353. 
  4. ↑ Guyenet PG (2000). "Neural structures that mediate sympathoexcitation during hypoxia.". Respir Physiol 121 (2–3): 147–62. doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(00)00125-0. PMID 10963771. 
  5. ↑ "Hypoxia-induced Fos expression in neurons projecting to the pressor region in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.". Neuroscience 80 (4): 1209–24. 1997. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00111-5. PMID 9284071. 
  6. ↑ "The distribution of FOS-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon of fetal sheep in response to acute hypoxia in mid and late gestation.". Brain Res Dev Brain Res 114 (1): 9–26. 1999. doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00010-3. PMID 10209238. 
  7. ↑ "Glycinergic interneurons are functionally integrated into the inspiratory network of mouse medullary slices.". Pflügers Arch 458 (3): 459–69. 2009. doi:10.1007/s00424-009-0647-1. PMID 19238427. 
  8. ↑ "[Respiratory emergency in the newborn infant: extreme laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft (esophagotrachea)].". Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 134 (12): 874–7. 1986. PMID 3821744. 
  9. ↑ Richter DW (1982). "Generation and maintenance of the respiratory rhythm.". J Exp Biol 100 (1): 93–107. doi:10.1242/jeb.100.1.93. PMID 6757372. Bibcode: 1982JExpB.100...93R. 
  10. ↑ Merrill EG (1981). "Where are the real respiratory neurons?". Fed Proc 40 (9): 2389–94. PMID 7250385. 
  11. ↑ "What's so inspiring about respiration? | UCLA Health" (in en). https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/whats-so-inspiring-about-respiration. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Extensive monosynaptic inhibition of ventral respiratory group neurons by augmenting neurons in the Bötzinger complex in the cat.". Exp Brain Res 81 (3): 639–48. 1990. doi:10.1007/bf02423514. PMID 2226695. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Axonal projections from Bötzinger expiratory neurons to contralateral ventral and dorsal respiratory groups in the cat.". Exp Brain Res 72 (1): 167–77. 1988. doi:10.1007/bf00248512. PMID 3169184. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Bötzinger-complex expiratory neurons monosynaptically inhibit phrenic motoneurons in the decerebrate rat.". Exp Brain Res 122 (2): 149–56. 1998. doi:10.1007/s002210050502. PMID 9776513. 
  15. ↑ "Electrophysiological demonstration of the projection from expiratory neurones in rostral medulla to contralateral dorsal respiratory group.". Brain Res 197 (2): 521–4. 1980. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91140-3. PMID 7407571. 
  16. ↑ "Expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger Complex in the rat: a morphological study following intracellular labeling with biocytin.". J Comp Neurol 335 (2): 267–82. 1993. doi:10.1002/cne.903350210. PMID 8227518. 
  17. ↑ "Respiratory rhythm generation in vivo.". Physiology 29 (1): 58–71. 2014. doi:10.1152/physiol.00035.2013. PMID 24382872. 
  18. ↑ "Inhibitory connections among rostral medullary expiratory neurones detected with cross-correlation in the decerebrate rat.". Pflügers Arch 446 (3): 365–72. 2003. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1024-0. PMID 12687375. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Spatial and functional architecture of the mammalian brain stem respiratory network: a hierarchy of three oscillatory mechanisms.". J Neurophysiol 98 (6): 3370–87. 2007. doi:10.1152/jn.00985.2007. PMID 17913982. 
  20. ↑ "Brainstem and spinal projections of augmenting expiratory neurons in the rat.". Neurosci Res 45 (1): 41–51. 2003. doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00197-9. PMID 12507723. 
  21. ↑ "Evidence for glycinergic respiratory neurons: Bötzinger neurons express mRNA for glycinergic transporter 2.". J Comp Neurol 407 (4): 583–97. 1999. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990517)407:4<583::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-e. PMID 10235646. 
  22. ↑ "Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?". Exp Physiol 94 (1): 38–45. 2009. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653. PMID 18931046. 
  23. ↑ "[Regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion during fluid overload in man].". Ann Anesthesiol Fr 16 Spec No 2-3: 164–8. 1975. PMID 9861. 
  24. ↑ "Projections to Bötzinger expiratory neurons by dorsal and ventral respiratory group neurons.". NeuroReport 3 (5): 393–6. 1992. doi:10.1097/00001756-199205000-00004. PMID 1633274. 
  25. ↑ "Intrinsic properties of rostral ventrolateral medulla presympathetic and bulbospinal respiratory neurons of juvenile rats are not affected by chronic intermittent hypoxia.". Exp Physiol 99 (7): 937–50. 2014. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077800. PMID 24728679. 
  26. ↑ "Short-term sustained hypoxia induces changes in the coupling of sympathetic and respiratory activities in rats.". J Physiol 592 (Pt 9): 2013–33. 2014. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262212. PMID 24614747. 



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