Biology:Bulbothrix

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Bulbothrix is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. Established in 1974 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale as a segregate from the genus Parmelia, Bulbothrix comprises about 40 accepted species as of 2025. These foliose lichens are distinguished by their characteristic black, bulb-tipped hairs ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) along the lobe edges and are found roughly equally divided between the Old World and New World, growing predominantly on trees in lowland rainforests and shrublands.

Taxonomy

Bulbothrix was circumscribed by the American lichenologist Mason E. Hale in 1974 with Bulbothrix semilunata as the type species. Hale established Bulbothrix as a segregate from Parmelia, specifically from the subgenus Parmelia section Imbricariae subsection Bicornutae. He noted that Bulbothrix is readily recognised by its characteristic black marginal bulbous [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], which distinguishes it from related genera. Hale observed that the species are roughly equally divided between the Old World and the New World, occurring predominantly on trees in lowland rainforest and in scrub or secondary forests at lower elevations in subtropical to temperate regions.[1]

This genus is synonymous with Bulbothricella V.Marcano, S.Mohali & A.Morales,[2] and with Bulborrhizina Kurok..[3]

Description

Bulbothrix develops a foliose (leafy) thallus that lies closely attached ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) to the bark or rock it inhabits. Its [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are narrow to moderately broad and usually press against one another, though in a few species such as B. isidiza they may overlap slightly. Along the lobe edges run short, bulb-tipped hairs called [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], a feature that gives the genus its name. The upper surface is grey because it contains atranorin, a common lichen product, and may show pale blotches ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]); some species bear tiny outgrowths (isidia) or small side lobes, but none produce soredia (powdery propagules) or pores for gas exchange (pseudocyphellae). Microscopically the upper [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] consists of a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] of tightly packed fungal cells coated by a thin, perforated [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], and the cell walls contain the rare polysaccharide isolichenan. Beneath this, a loosely woven white—or occasionally pigmented—medulla stores nutrients, while the pale tan to black undersurface anchors itself with simple to repeatedly branched root-like rhizines that match the background colour.[4]

Sexual reproduction occurs in apothecia that sit on the thallus surface and are either somewhat stalked (subpedicellate) or directly attached. Their cup-shaped [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are unperforated, range from pale to dark brown, and may be ringed by small black swellings ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) embedded in the rim, though in some species this corona is absent. Each ascus contains eight ellipsoidal or occasionally curved, two-horned ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) ascospores measuring roughly 6–15 × 4–8 μm. Asexual propagules are generated in flask-shaped pycnidia, either sunken in the thallus or raised on the same bulbae that flank the apothecia; these structures release slender, spindle-shaped conidia about 5–9 × 1 μm that disperse the fungal partner alone. Chemical tests detect a suite of secondary metabolites—including sphaerophorin, various β-orcinol depsidones, usnic acid, and dibenzofuran derivatives.[4]

Species

Hale accepted 29 species of Bulbothrix in his original circumscription of the genus in 1976. As of July 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 37 species of Bulbothrix.[5]

  • Bulbothrix apophysata (Hale & Kurok.) Hale (1974)
  • Bulbothrix asiatica Y.Y.Zhang & Li S.Wang (2014)[6]
  • Bulbothrix australiensis Hale (1986)[7]
  • Bulbothrix bicornuta (Müll.Arg.) Hale (1974)
  • Bulbothrix bulbillosa Benatti, A.A.Spielm. & Bungartz (2013)[8] – Galápagos Islands
  • Bulbothrix caribensis Marcelli & Benatti (2011)[9]
  • Bulbothrix cassa Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2008)[10] – Brazil
  • Bulbothrix cinerea Marcelli & Kalb (2002)
  • Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale (1976)
  • Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale (1974)
  • Bulbothrix johannis D.M.Masson, Benatti & Sérus. (2015)[11]
  • Bulbothrix klementii Hale (1976)
  • Bulbothrix lacinia Y.Y.Zhang & Li S.Wang (2016)
  • Bulbothrix lacinulata Marcelli, Jungbluth & Elix (2008)[10] – Brazil
  • Bulbothrix laeviuscula (Räsänen) Benatti (2012)[9]
  • Bulbothrix lobarica Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2008)[10] – Brazil
  • Bulbothrix lordhowensis Elix (1995)[12]
  • Bulbothrix lyngei Benatti & Marcelli (2011)[9]
  • Bulbothrix mammillaria Y.Y.Zhang & Li S.Wang (2016)
  • Bulbothrix megapotamica Canêz & Marcelli (2008)
  • Bulbothrix microscopica Elix (1993)[13] – Australia
  • Bulbothrix pseudocoronata (Gyeln.) Benatti (2012)[9]
  • Bulbothrix pseudofungicola Benatti & Marcelli (2012)[14] – Brazil
  • Bulbothrix queenslandica (Elix & G.N.Stevens) Elix (1993)
  • Bulbothrix regnelliana Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2008)[10] – Brazil
  • Bulbothrix semilunata (Lynge) Hale (1974)
  • Bulbothrix silicisrea Marcelli & Benatti (2012)[14] – Brazil
  • Bulbothrix sipmanii Aptroot & Aubel (1999)[15] – Guyana
  • Bulbothrix subscortea (Asahina) Marcelli & Benatti (2012)[9]
  • Bulbothrix subtabacina (Elix) Elix (1993)
  • Bulbothrix tabacina (Mont. & Bosch) Hale (1974)
  • Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli (2011)
  • Bulbothrix ventricosa (Hale & Kurok.) Hale (1974)
  • Bulbothrix viatica A.A.Spielm. & Marcelli (2008)[16] – Brazil
  • Bulbothrix yunnana Sheng L.Wang, J.B.Chen & Elix (2000)[17] – China

References

  1. ↑ Hale, M.E. (1974). "Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina and Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae". Phytologia 28 (5): 479–490. 
  2. ↑ "Record Details: Bulbothricella V. Marcano, Mohali & A. Morales, in Marcano, Mohali & Palacio, Lichenologist 28(5): 422 (1996)". Index Fungorum. http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=27656. 
  3. ↑ Kirika, Paul M.; Leavitt, Steven D.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Gatheri, Grace W.; Mugambi, George; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2015). "The monotypic genus Bulborrhizina belongs to Bulbothrix sensu lato (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". The Bryologist 118 (2): 164–169. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-118.2.164. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Elix, John A. (1994). "Bulbothrix". Lichens—Lecanorales 2, Parmeliaceae. Flora of Australia. 55. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study/CSIRO Publishing. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-643-05676-3. https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/BULBOTHRIX%20Genus%20and%20key.pdfhttps://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/BULBOTHRIX%20Genus%20and%20key.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "Bulbothrix". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3DY6. 
  6. ↑ Zhang, Yan Yun; Wang, Xin Yu; Liu, Dong; Li, Jian Wen; Shi, Hai Xia; Ye, Xin; Wang, Li Song (2014). "Bulbothrix asiatica sp. nov., and other new records of Parmeliaceae with bulbate cilia from Cambodia". The Bryologist 117 (4): 379–385. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.379. 
  7. ↑ Hale, M.E. (1986). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon 25 (1): 85–93. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0025/001/0085.htm. 
  8. ↑ Bungartz, Frank; Benatti, Michel N.; Spielmann, Adriano A. (2013). "The genus Bulbothrix (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) in the Galapagos Islands: a case study of superficially similar, but overlooked macrolichens". The Bryologist 116 (4): 358–372. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-116.4.358. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Benatti, M.N. (2012). "Three resurrected species of the genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae, lichenized fungi)". Mycosphere 3 (1): 46–55. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/3/1/5. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Jungbluth, P.; Marcelli, M.P.; Elix, J.A. (2008). "Five new species of Bulbothrix (Parmeliaceae) from cerrado vegetation in São Paulo State, Brazil". Mycotaxon 104: 51–63. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0104/0051.htm. 
  11. ↑ Masson, Didier; Benatti, Michel N.; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2015). "The description of a new species reveals underestimated diversity in the lichen genus Bulbothrix (Parmeliaceae) in Africa". The Lichenologist 47 (5): 323–334. doi:10.1017/s0024282915000237. Bibcode: 2015ThLic..47..323M. 
  12. ↑ Elix, J.A. (1995). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from Australasia and Malaysia". Mycotaxon 56: 231–241. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0056/0231.htm. 
  13. ↑ Elix, J.A. (1993). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from Australia". Mycotaxon 47: 101–129. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0047/0101.htm. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Benatti, M.N. (2012). "New species of Bulbothrix Hale containing gyrophoric acid from Brazil". Mycology 3 (2): 127–131. doi:10.1080/21501203.2011.637089. 
  15. ↑ Aptroot, A.; Aubel, R.J.M.T. van (1999). "Bulbothrix sipmanii, a new lichen species from Guyana". Mycotaxon 71: 139–140. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0071/0139.htm. 
  16. ↑ Spielmann, A.A.; Marcelli, M.P. (2008). "Bulbothrix viatica, a new species of Parmeliaceae from Brazil". Mycotaxon 103: 201–205. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0103/0201.htm. 
  17. ↑ Wang, S.L.; Chen, J.B.; Elix, J.A. (2000). "New species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina) from China". Mycotaxon 76: 293–298. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0076/0293.htm. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q4996082 entry



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