Biology:Mouse-like hamster

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Short description: Genus of rodents

Mouse-like hamster
Temporal range: Late Miocene–Recent
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Superfamily: Muroidea
Family: Calomyscidae
Vorontsov & Potapova, 1979
Genus: Calomyscus
Thomas, 1905
Type species
Calomyscus bailwardi
Thomas, 1905
Species

Calomyscus bailwardi
Calomyscus baluchi
Calomyscus behzadi
Calomyscus elburzensis
Calomyscus grandis
Calomyscus hotsoni
Calomyscus kermanensis Calomyscus mystax
Calomyscus tsolovi
Calomyscus urartensis

Mouse-like hamsters, also called brush-tailed mice or calomyscids, are a group of small rodents belonging to the genus Calomyscus found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. They are found in rocky outcrops and semi-mountainous areas in desert regions. The generic name Calomyscus derives from the Greek word kalos, meaning 'beautiful'; the full name translates to "beautiful mouse".[1]

The mouse-like hamsters are not true hamsters, but represent an early split from the rest of the mouse-like rodents. They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their molars, but they lack the cheek pouches, flank glands and short tails of the true hamsters. The closest relatives of the mouse-like hamsters may be the extinct Cricetodontidae.[2] Because of their seemingly early break from the rest of the mouse-like rodents, mouse-like hamsters have been placed in a family of their own, Calomyscidae, and have been referred to as living fossils.[1][3]

All members of the genus were once considered part of the same species, Calomyscus bailwardi, but they are now considered separate species due to major differences in chromosome number, skull measurements, and other features.[4] Several species have been discovered in the 2020s,[5] including Behzad's brush-tailed mouse (C. behzadi)[6] and the Kerman brush-tailed mouse (C. kermanensis).[7] There are two known extinct species: C. delicatus Aguilar et al. 1984 and C. minor de Bruijn et al. 1970.[8]

In Europe, a species of Calomyscus is available as a pet. They are labelled Calomyscus bailwardi mystax or Calomyscus bailwardi. They are generally only available from dedicated breeders, not pet shops.

Species

The family Calomyscidae consists of 8 extant species in one genus, excluding hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Only one of these species, Goodwin's brush-tailed mouse, has more than one subspecies. The cladogram below is based on that produced by Rezazadeh and colleagues in 2024, and excludes Calomyscus tsolovi due to deficient data.[9]

Calomyscidae
 
 
 

Calomyscus bailwardi

 
 

Calomyscus baluchi

 
 
 

Calomyscus hotsoni

 
 
 
 

Calomyscus mystax

 
 
 

Calomyscus grandis

 
 
 

Calomyscus urartensis

 
 

Calomyscus elburzensis

 
 
 
 
 
Genus Calomyscus – Thomas, 1905 – 8 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster

A mouse-like hamster among rocks

C. bailwardi
Thomas, 1905 		Iran Size:

Habitat: Shrubland and rocky areas

Diet: 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[10]

Baluchi mouse-like hamster


C. baluchi
Thomas, 1920 		Afghanistan and Pakistan Size:

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland and rocky areas

Diet: 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[11]

Goodwin's brush-tailed mouse


C. elburzensis
Goodwin, 1938

One subspecies
  • C. e. zykovi
 Northeastern Iran, southwestern Turkmenistan, northwest Afghanistan Size:

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland and rocky areas

Diet: 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[12]

Noble mouse-like hamster


C. grandis
Schlitter & Setzer, 1973 		Alborz, Iran Size:

Habitat: Forest

Diet: 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[13]

Hotson's mouse-like hamster


C. hotsoni
Thomas, 1920 		Southeastern Iran, southwestern Pakistan Size:

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland and rocky areas

Diet: 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[14]

Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster


C. mystax
Kashkarov, 1925 		South Turkmenistan, northern Iran, Transcaucasia, northwestern Afghanistan Size:

Habitat: Grassland

Diet: 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[15]

Tsolov's mouse-like hamster


C. tsolovi
Peshev, 1991 		Southwest Syria Size:

Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas

Diet: 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[16]

Urar mouse-like hamster


C. urartensis
Vorontsov, Kartavtseva & Potapova, 1979 		Southern Azerbaijan, northwestern Iran Size:

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland and rocky areas

Diet: 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[17]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Family Calomyscidae". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 926-930. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000054. 
  2. ↑ Michaux, Johan; Reyes, Aurelio; Catzeflis, François (2001-11-01). "Evolutionary History of the Most Speciose Mammals: Molecular Phylogeny of Muroid Rodents" (in en). Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 (11): 2017–2031. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003743. ISSN 0737-4038. http://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/18/11/2017/1063068. 
  3. ↑ Jansa, Sharon A.; Weksler, Marcelo (2004). "Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences" (in en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 (1): 256–276. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.002. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790303002835. 
  4. ↑ Steppan, Scott J.; Adkins, Ronald M.; Anderson, Joel (2004-08-01). Thorne, Jeff. ed. "Phylogeny and Divergence-Date Estimates of Rapid Radiations in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes" (in en). Systematic Biology 53 (4): 533–553. doi:10.1080/10635150490468701. ISSN 1076-836X. https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/53/4/533/1645071. 
  5. ↑ Rezazadeh, Elham; Zali, Hessamodin; Ahmadzadeh, Faraham; Siahsarvie, Roohollah; Kilpatrick, C William; Norris, Ryan W; Aliabadian, Mansour (2024-06-01). "Two new species of brush-tailed mouse, genus Calomyscus (Rodentia: Calomyscidae), from the Iranian Plateau". Journal of Mammalogy 105 (3): 589–608. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyad116. ISSN 0022-2372. 
  6. ↑ Dezhman, M.; Akbarirad, S.; Aliabadian, M.; Siahsarvie, R.; Shafaeipour, A.; Mirshamsi, O. (2021). "A new species of Calomyscus Thomas, 1905 (Calomyscidae: Rodentia) from western Iran". Turkish Journal of Zoology 45 (7): 585–593. doi:10.3906/zoo-2101-22. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/vol45/iss7/8. 
  7. ↑ Dezhman, M.; Akbarirad, S.; Aliabadian, M.; Siahsarvie, R.; Shafaeipour, A.; Mirshamsi, O. (2023). "A new species of brush-tailed mice of the genus Calomyscus from southern Iran (Calomyscidae: Rodentia)". Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 19 (1): 71–101. doi:10.22067/IJAB.2023.79456.1045. 
  8. ↑ "Fossilworks: Calomyscidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=txn:104898. 
  9. ↑ Rezazadeh, Elham; Zali, Hessamodin; Ahmadzadeh, Faraham; Siahsarvie, Roohollah; Kilpatrick, C William; Norris, Ryan W; Aliabadian, Mansour (2024-06-01). "Two new species of brush-tailed mouse, genus Calomyscus (Rodentia: Calomyscidae), from the Iranian Plateau". Journal of Mammalogy 105 (3): 589–608. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyad116. ISSN 0022-2372. 
  10. ↑ Shenbrot, G.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N. (2016). "Calomyscus bailwardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T3618A22185615.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3618/22185615. Retrieved 11 June 2025. 
  11. ↑ Molur, S.; Nameer, P.O. (2016). "Calomyscus baluchi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T3619A22185688.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3619/22185688. Retrieved 11 June 2025. 
  12. ↑ Shenbrot, G.; Molur, S. (2016). "Calomyscus elburzensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136377A22186030.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136377/22186030. Retrieved 11 June 2025. 
  13. ↑ Kennerley, R. (2016). "Calomyscus grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136252A22185552.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136252/22185552. Retrieved 12 June 2025. 
  14. ↑ Jordan, M.; Molur, S.; Nameer, P.O. (2016). "Calomyscus hotsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T3620A22185768.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3620/22185768. Retrieved 11 June 2025. 
  15. ↑ Cassola, F. (2016). "Calomyscus mystax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3621A22185853.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3621/22185853. Retrieved 11 June 2025. 
  16. ↑ Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2016). "Calomyscus tsolovi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T3622A101909114.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3622/101909114. Retrieved 11 June 2025. 
  17. ↑ Shenbrot, G.; Kryštufek, B. (2016). "Calomyscus urartensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3623A22185965.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3623/22185965. Retrieved 11 June 2025. 

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