Biology:Candelariella

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Candelariella is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae.[1] Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens,[2] goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1894 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, with Candelariella vitellina assigned as the type species.[4]

In recent years, taxonomic research (aided by molecular data) has led to a surge in newly described Candelariella species. Since the 2000s, over a dozen species have been added to the genus, reflecting renewed interest and improved methods in lichen systematics. For instance, C. blastidiata (2017)[5] and C. flavosorediata (2021)[6] were discovered in Asia and Africa, respectively, followed by C. ruzgarii from Antarctica (2023)[7] and C. ahtii from Asia (2024).[8] This flurry of recent additions brings the total number of Candelariella species to around 40 as of 2025.[9]

The 2025 analysis also resolved some nomenclature issues. It merged Candelariella makarevichiae (described 2018 from Korea[10]) and C. subsquamulosa (2019, S. Korea[11]) into synonymy with C. xanthostigmoides, since genetic data showed they belong to the same species. Several other sorediate species remain poorly known – for example, C. sorediosa (from the Himalayas), C. flavosorediata (Réunion), and C. magellanica (southern South America) – and lack molecular data. Ongoing research is needed to determine how these relate to the core Candelariella lineage.[9]

Characteristics

The key feature of Candelariella species are the distinct yellow apothecia.[3] Although all species are very small, even the smallest can be identified by the lemon-yellow to orange-yellow discs. Most species have a yellow thallus, although Candelariella antennaria is one example with a grey thallus. Some species are pycnidiate. This genus will generally have all spot tests emerge as negative, although K tests may have an orange or reddish colour on some species' apothecia.[12]

Spore count between species varies from 8 to 32 simply or thinly septate spores. Spores often hold one to two oil drops.[12]

Habitat and distribution

Candelariella species are found across the globe, although most commonly described in North America, Asia, and Australia. Species can be found on calcareous and non-calcareous rock, soil, tree bark, mosses, and other lichens. While some species may grow only on rock, and others only on trees, the more generalist species can be found in a variety of locations.[12]

Species interactions

As of 2016, 16 lichenicolous fungi have been documented parasitising species of the genus Candellariella. These are: Tremella candelariellae, Polysporina subfuscescens, Sarcogyne sphaeospora, Arthonia almquistii, Caloplaca grimmiae, Carbonea vitellinaria, Trichonectria furcatosetosa, Lichenochora arctica, Sarcopyrenia cylindrospora, Zwackhiomyces lecanorae, Phoma candelariellae, Henfellra muriformis, Ascochyta candelariellicola, Taeniolella delicata, Intralichen christiansenii, and Intralichen lichenicola.[13]

Species

Candelariella aggregata
Candelariella xanthostigma
Candelariella medians

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. 
  2. ↑ Name Search Results for Scientific Name Candelariella, USDA
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sharnoff, S. (2014). Field Guide to California Lichens. Yale University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2. 
  4. ↑ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae" (in la). Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier 2 (App. 1): 11, 47. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Vondrák, Jan; Ohmura, Yoshihito; Korchikov, Evgeny S.; Vondrákova, Olga S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2017). "Candelariella blastidiata sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Eurasia and North America, and a key for grey thalli Candelariella". The Lichenologist 49 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000020. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kalb, Klaus; Aptroot, André (2021). "New lichens from Africa". Archive for Lichenology 28: 1–12. http://www.fschumm.de/Archive/Vol%2028_Kalb_new%20records%20Africa.pdf. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Halıcı, Mehmet Gökhan; Kahraman Yi̇ği̇T, Merve; Bölükbaşi, Ekrem; Güllü, Mithat (2023). "New record and new species of lichenized fungal genus Candelariella Müll. Arg. in Antarctica". Polish Polar Research 44 (1): 69–83. doi:10.24425/ppr.2022.140370. https://journals.pan.pl/Content/125025/PDF/2023-PPR-04.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2024). "Candelariella ahtii (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota) – a new species of lichen from Central and North-East Asia, and a key to 8-spored Candelariella". The Lichenologist 56 (5): 287–300. doi:10.1017/S0024282924000240. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 van der Kolk, Henk-Jan; Westberg, Martin; Malíček, Jiří (2025). "Morphological and molecular data support the distinction of four sorediate corticolous Candelariella species in Europe". The Lichenologist 57 (3–4): 144–165. doi:10.1017/S0024282925101059. 
  10. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Farkas, E.; Upreti, D.K.; Thell, A.; Woo, J.-J.; Oh, S.-O. et al. (2018). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 7". Acta Botanica Hungarica 60 (1–2): 115–184. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.8. http://real.mtak.hu/79025/1/034.60.2018.1-2.8.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Liu, Dong; Wang, Lisong; Wang, Xin Yu; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2019). "Two new species of the genus Candelariella from China and Korea". Mycobiology 47 (1): 40–49. doi:10.1080/12298093.2019.1583785. PMID 31001449. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Westberg, M.; Nash, T.H. (2002). "Candelariella". Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. 2. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. ISBN 978-0-9716759-0-2. 
  13. ↑ Hawksworth, David L.; Halıcı, Mehmet Gökhan; Kocakaya, Zekiye; Kocakaya, Mustafa (2016). "Henfellra muriformis gen. et sp. nov., a new dictyosporous pycnidial fungus on Candelariella, with a key to the lichenicolous fungi known from that genus". Herzogia 29 (2): 329–336. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.329. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312430701. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the 8-spored, lecanorine species". The Bryologist 110 (3): 391–419. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[391:cciwus2.0.co;2]. 
  15. ↑ Räsänen, V. (1939). "II. Contribucion a la flora liquenologica sudamericana". Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 128: 133–147. 
  16. ↑ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2017). "A new species and new record of Candelariella (lichenized Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology 81: 79–85. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the species with biatorine apothecia". The Bryologist 110 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[365:cciwus2.0.co;2]. 
  18. ↑ Khodosovtsev, A.; Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2004). "Candelariella boikoi, a new lichen species from Eurasia". Graphis Scripta 16: 11–15. 
  19. ↑ Etayo, J.; Palice, Z.; Spribille, T. (2009). "Candelariella boleana, a new epiphytic species from southern and central Europe (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota)". Nova Hedwigia 89 (3–4): 545–552. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0089-0545. 
  20. ↑ Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the polysporous species". The Bryologist 110 (3): 375–390. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[375:cciwus2.0.co;2]. 
  21. ↑ Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2015). "Erratum:Candelariella clarkii corrected to Candelariella clarkiae". The Bryologist 118 (2): 240. doi:10.1639/bryo-118-02-240-240.1. 
  22. ↑ Otte, V.; Yakovchenko, L.; Clerc, Ph.; Westberg, M. (2013). "Candelariella commutata sp. nov. for C. unilocularis auct. medioeur. – an arctic-alpine lichen on calcareous substrata from the Caucasus and Europe". Herzogia 26 (2): 217–222. doi:10.13158/heia.26.2.2013.217. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Westberg, Martin; Morse, Caleb A.; Wedin, Mats (2011). "Two new species of Candelariella and a key to the Candelariales (lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America". The Bryologist 114 (2): 325–334. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.325. 
  24. ↑ Harris, R.C.; Buck, W.R. (1978). "Lichens of the Mackinac Straits Region. II. Candelariella Mull. Arg.". The Michigan Botanist 17: 155–161. 
  25. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Roux, C.; Upreti, D.K.; Schumm, F.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S. et al. (2017). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 6". Acta Botanica Hungarica 59 (1–2): 137–260. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.7. http://real.mtak.hu/50371/1/034.59.2017.1-2.7.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Etayo, Javier; Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Gómez-Bolea, Antonio; Søchting, Ulrik; Aguirre, Fransisco; Rozzi, Ricardo (2021). "Catalogue of lichens (and some related fungi) of Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 49: 1–110 [29]. doi:10.22352/AIP202149013. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Poelt, Josef; Vězda, Antonín (1976). "Candelariella plumbea und C. rhodax sp. novae, zwei neue Arten der europäischen Flechten-Flora" (in de). Folia geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica 11 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1007/BF02853319. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02853319. 
  28. ↑ Hakulinen, R. (1954). "Die Flechtengattung Candelariella Müller Argoviensis" (in de). Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo" 27 (3): 100. 
  29. ↑ Rogers, R.W. (1982). "Nomenclature of some Australian lichens described as Lecanora and Placodium by Müller-Argoviensis". Muelleria 5 (1): 31–34. doi:10.5962/p.184065. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50119134. 

Wikidata ☰ Q5031656 entry



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