Biology:Chlorellaceae

From HandWiki

Chlorellaceae are a family of green algae in the order Chlorellales.[1] About 250 species are currently accepted in the family. Members of the family are distributed worldwide and are common in a variety of freshwater, terrestrial and marine environments.[2]

Members of the family Chlorellaceae are important ecologically, mainly as primary producers.[2] Algae such as Chlorella are important model organisms for plant physiology and biochemistry, because of they are easy to cultivate and grow rapidly.[3] Additionally, many members are rich in lipids, carbohydrates and vitamins, making them of interest in the field of biotechnology.[2] Meanwhile, genera such as Prototheca are of clinical significance as pathogens of humans and other animals.[4]

Description

Members of Chlorellaceae are morphologically diverse and include solitary and colonial forms. Traditionally, the family was circumscribed based on the mode of reproduction (production of autospores), and the family was defined around the type genus Chlorella, which is generally solitary and consists of spherical cells. However, based on molecular evidence, a number of genera have been moved into Chlorellaceae that differ significantly in morphology; these include Actinastrum (elongate cells in colonies), Micractinium (spherical cells with bristles), and Didymogenes (colonial cells with a thick mucilaginous envelope).[5] Cells generally contain a single chloroplast with a pyrenoid.

In addition to autotrophic members that contain a chloroplast, the family includes genera which have lost the ability to photosynthesize are therefore heterotrophic. These genera, namely Prototheca and Helicosporidium, are colorless, single-celled organisms that resemble yeast, and are opportunistic pathogens of animals.[4]

Genera

As of 2025, AlgaeBase includes the following genera:[6]

Phylogeny

Higher-order relationships within Chlorellaceae are largely unresolved, with conflicting topologies; however, there are several well-supported clades:

  • The Chlorella clade, containing Chlorella as well as other genera such as Actinastrum and Micractinium:[7]
  • The Parachlorella clade, containing Parachlorella and other genera such as Dictyosphaerium:[2]
  • The Nannochloris clade, containing genera such as Nannochloris, Marvania and Picochlorum[2]
  • The AHP clade, which contains the auxotrophic or heterotrophic members Auxenochlorella, Helicosporidium, and Prototheca.[2]

In addition, several taxa form their own lineage not part of a larger clade, such as Muriella terrestris and Endolithella mcmurdoensis.[2]

Current hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships between taxa are as follows:[2][8]

 
Chlorellaceae
 
Chlorella clade[10][11]
 
 
 
 
 
 

Chlorella

 
 

Micractinium

 
 
 

Actinastrum

 
 
 

Carolibrandtia

 
 
 
 
 
 

Hindakia

 
 

Lewiniosphaera

 
 
 

Heynigia

 
 
 
 

Didymogenes

 
 

Brachionococcus (syn. Aliichlorella)[9]

 
 
 
 
 

Meyerella

 
 
 

Hegewaldia

 
 
Parachlorella clade[12][2][13]
 
 
 
 

Parachlorella

 
 

Marasphaerium

 
 

Dictyosphaerium (polyphyletic)

 
 

Compactochlorella

 
 

Mucidosphaerium

 
 

Planktochlorella

 
 
 

Closteriopsis

 
 

Coronacoccus

 
 

Masaia

 
 
 

Marinichlorella

 
 
 

Dicloster

 
 

Kalenjinia

 
 
 
 

Muriella terrestris

 
Nannochloris clade[8][14][15][16]
 
 

Picochlorum

 
 

Laetitia

 
 

Nannochloris

 
 

Edaphochloris

 
 

Pumiliosphaera

 
 

Koliella pro parte

 
 

Catena

 
 

Gloeotila contorta

 
 

Nomia

 
 

Ava

 
 
 
 

Chloroparva

 
 

Pseudochloris

 
 
 
 

Endolithella mcmurdoensis

 
 

AHP clade (Auxenochlorella, Helicosporidium, Prototheca)

 
 
 

Oocystaceae (outgroup)

 
 

Not all genera are included, as some (e.g. Cylindrocelis, Palmellochaete, etc.) have not been studied using molecular methods. In addition, some genera such as Geminella appear to cluster outside of Chlorellales.[17]

References

  1. ↑ See the NCBI webpage on Chlorellaceae. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Song, Huiyin; Hu, Zhengyu; Liu, Guoxiang (2023). "Assessing advances in taxonomic research on Chlorellaceae (Chlorophyta)". Biodiversity Science 31 (2). doi:10.17520/biods.2022083. 
  3. ↑ Krienitz, Lothar; Huss, Volker A.R.; Bock, Christina (2015). "Chlorella: 125 years of the green survivalist". Trends in Plant Science 20 (2): 67–69. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.005. PMID 25500553. Bibcode: 2015TPS....20...67K. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bakuła, Zofia; Siedlecki, Paweł; Gromadka, Robert; Gawor, Jan; Gromadka, Agnieszka; Pomorski, Jan J.; Panagiotopoulou, Hanna; Jagielski, Tomasz (2021). "A first insight into the genome of Prototheca wickerhamii, a major causative agent of human protothecosis". BMC Genomics 22 (1): 168. doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07491-8. PMID 33750287. 
  5. ↑ Luo, W.; Pröschold, T.; Bock, C.; Krienitz, L. (2010). "Generic concept in Chlorella -related coccoid green algae (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae)". Plant Biology 12 (3): 545–553. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00221.x. PMID 20522192. 
  6. ↑ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2026). "Chlorellaceae". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=4961. 
  7. ↑ Krivina, E. S.; Temraleeva, A. D. (2020). "Identification Problems and Cryptic Diversity of Chlorella-Clade Microalgae (Chlorophyta)". Microbiology 89 (6): 720–732. doi:10.1134/S0026261720060107. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Malavasi, Veronica; Škvorová, Zuzana; Němcová, Yvonne; Škaloud, Pavel (2022). "Laetitia sardoa gen. & sp. nov., a new member of the Chlorellales (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) isolated from Sardinia Island". Phycologia 61 (4): 375–383. doi:10.1080/00318884.2022.2054252. Bibcode: 2022Phyco..61..375M. 
  9. ↑ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008). "". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=55129. 
  10. ↑ Chae, Hyunsik; Kim, Eun Jae; Kim, Han Soon; Choi, Han-Gu; Kim, Sanghee; Kim, Ji Hee (2023). "Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of two Antarctic strains within the genera Carolibrandtia and Chlorella (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae)". Algae 38 (4): 241–252. doi:10.4490/algae.2023.38.11.30. 
  11. ↑ Krivina, Elena; Portnov, Aleksey; Temraleeva, Anna (2024). "A description of Aliichlorella ignota gen. et sp. nov. and a comparison of the efficiency of species delimitation methods in the Chlorella -clade (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Phycological Research 72 (3): 180–190. doi:10.1111/pre.12551. 
  12. ↑ Song, Huiyin; Liu, Xudong; Hu, Yuxin; Wang, Qinghua; Long, Jijian; Liu, Guoxiang; Hu, Zhengyu (2018). "Coronacoccus hengyangensis gen. et sp. nov., a new member of Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) with radiococcacean morphology". Phycologia 57 (4): 363–373. doi:10.2216/17-65.1. Bibcode: 2018Phyco..57..363S. 
  13. ↑ Krienitz, Lothar; Bock, Christina; Kotut, Kiplagat; Pröschold, Thomas (2012). "Genotypic diversity of Dictyosphaerium-morphospecies (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) in African inland waters, including the description of four new genera". Fottea 12 (2): 231–253. doi:10.5507/fot.2012.017. 
  14. ↑ Temraleeva, Anna; Krivina, Elena; Boldina, Olga (2022). "Edaphochloris, gen. nov.: A new genus of soil green algae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) with simple morphology". Plant Systematics and Evolution 308 (1): 4. doi:10.1007/s00606-021-01795-8. Bibcode: 2022PSyEv.308....4T. 
  15. ↑ Song, Huiyin; Peng, Hai; Fang, Zhiwei; Zhang, Baolong; Zhu, Zhaolu; Xiao, Zilan; Liu, Guoxiang; Hu, Yuxin (2024). "Koliella bifissiva sp. nov (Chlorellaceae, Chlorophyta) and Analysis of its Organelle Genomes". Plants 13 (18): 2604. doi:10.3390/plants13182604. PMID 39339579. Bibcode: 2024Plnts..13.2604S. 
  16. ↑ Lortou, Urania; Panteris, Emmanuel; Gkelis, Spyros (2022). "Uncovering New Diversity of Photosynthetic Microorganisms from the Mediterranean Region". Microorganisms 10 (8): 1571. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10081571. PMID 36013989. 
  17. ↑ Ulrich, Sabine; Röske, Kerstin (2018). "Autumnella lusatica gen. nov. and sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae), a new phytoplankton species in acidic lignite pit lakes". Phycologia 57 (3): 251–261. doi:10.2216/17-46.1. Bibcode: 2018Phyco..57..251U. 

Wikidata ☰ Q4498192 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Chlorellaceae&oldid=4512974"