Biology:Cicadidae

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Cicadidae, the true cicadas, is one of two families of cicadas, with about 3,400 species in over 520 genera worldwide;[1] it contains most living cicada species, except for the two belonging to its sister taxon, the Tettigarctidae. The classification of this family, of often very similar insects, has undergone many revisions, continuing into the 21st century; for example, many species previously assigned to the type genus Cicada, are now placed in different tribes.[1]

Description

Cicadas are mostly large insects characterized by their membranous wings, triangular-formation of three ocelli on the top of their heads, their short, bristle-like antennae and often producing high-pitched songs.[2] Although other Auchenorrhynchan insects communicate with sounds, the tymbals (modified membranes located on the abdomen) and resonating chambers, sometimes covered by opercula, are especially efficient mechanisms in the Cicadidae (and may include diagnostic features for identification).

Communication

Cicadas are known for the loud airborne sounds that males of most species make to attract mates. One member of this family, Brevisana brevis, the "shrill thorntree cicada", is the loudest insect in the world, able to produce a song that exceeds 100 decibels.[3] Male cicadas can produce four types of acoustic signals: songs, calls, low-amplitude songs, and disturbance sounds.[4] Unlike members of the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.), which use stridulation to produce sounds, members of Cicadidae produce sounds using a pair of tymbals. In order to produce sound, each tymbal is pulled inwards by a connected muscle, and the deformation of the stiff membrane produces a 'click.'[5]

Life cycle

Cicadas can be separated into two categories based on their adult emergence pattern. Annual cicadas remain underground as nymphs for two or more years and the population is not locally synchronized in its development, so that some adults mature each year or in most years. Periodical cicadas also have multiple-year life cycles but emerge in synchrony or near synchrony in any one location and are absent as adults in the intervening years; this is thought to be a defence strategy against predation.[6] The best-known periodical cicadas, genus Magicicada, emerge as adults every 13 or 17 years.[7]

Newly emerged cicadas climb up trees and molt into their adult stage, now equipped with wings. Males call to attract females, producing the distinct noisy songs cicadas are known for. Females respond to males with a 'click' made by flicking their wings. Once a male has found a female partner, his call changes to indicate that they are a mating pair.[8]

Classification

Cicadidae is one of two families within the superfamily Cicadoidea. This superfamily is in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, containing cicadas, hoppers, and relatives, within the order Hemiptera, the true bugs. There are five subfamilies within Cicadidae: Cicadettinae, Cicadinae, Derotettiginae,[9] Tettigomyiinae and Tibicininae.[1][10]

Subfamily Cicadettinae Buckton, 1890

Subfamily Cicadinae Batsch, 1789

Subfamily Derotettiginae Moulds, 2019 [13]

  • Tribe Derotettigini Moulds, 2019

Subfamily Tettigomyiinae Distant, 1905

Subfamily Tibicininae Distant, 1905

  • Tribe Citroriginini Sanborn, 2021
  • Tribe Chilecicadini Sanborn, 2014
  • Tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905
  • Tribe Platypediini Kato, 1932
  • Tribe Sapantangini Sanborn, Moulds, & Marshall, 2020
  • Tribe Selymbriini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
  • Tribe Tettigadini Distant, 1905
  • Tribe Tibicinini Distant, 1905

Evolution

The earliest fossils of cicadas more closely related to Cicadidae than to Tettigarctidae date to the Jurassic period. The morphology of well preserved stem-cicadids from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber from Myanmar suggests that unlike many modern cicadas, they were either silent or only made quiet sounds.[15] The oldest modern cicadids date to the Paleocene.[16] The earliest confirmed member of Cicadinae and one of the oldest Cicadids known from Eurasia is the fossil cicada Eoplatypleura, from the Eocene aged Messel Pit locality of Germany, which is a member of tribe Platypleurini.[17]

Notes

  1. ↑ Sinosenini Boulard, 1975, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of subtribe Dundubiina Distant, 1905.[11]
  2. ↑ Orapini Boulard, 1985, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Platypleurini Schmidt, 1918.[12]
  3. ↑ Synonomised by Marshall et al. (2018 p. 38).[10] Tacuini has date priority.
  4. ↑ Lacetasini Moulds and Marshall, 2018, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Iruanini Boulard, 1983.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 World Auchenorrhyncha Database: family Cicadidae Batsch, 1789 (retrieved 2 July 2025)
  2. ↑ "Family Cicadidae". https://genent.cals.ncsu.edu/insect-identification/order-hemiptera-suborder-homoptera/family-cicadidae/. 
  3. ↑ "Loudest | Science Literacy and Outreach | Nebraska". https://entomology.unl.edu/scilit/loudest. 
  4. ↑ Cocroft, Reginald B.; Pogue, Michael (1996). "Social Behavior and Communication in the Neotropical Cicada Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69 (4): 85–97. 
  5. ↑ Young, D; Bennet-Clark, H (1 April 1995). "The role of the tymbal in cicada sound production". Journal of Experimental Biology 198 (4): 1001–1020. doi:10.1242/jeb.198.4.1001. PMID 9318802. Bibcode: 1995JExpB.198.1001Y. 
  6. ↑ Pons, Pere (December 2020). "True cicadas (Cicadidae) as prey for the birds of the Western Palearctic: a review". Avian Research 11 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s40657-020-00200-1. 
  7. ↑ "Periodical Cicadas". https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas. 
  8. ↑ "Amazing Cicada Life Cycle."Youtube, uploaded by BBC Studios, 24 Oct. 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjLiWy2nT7U
  9. ↑ Simon, Chris; Gordon, Eric R L; Moulds, M S; Cole, Jeffrey A; Haji, Diler; Lemmon, Alan R; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Kortyna, Michelle et al. (6 December 2019). "Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128 (4): 865–886. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz120. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; Wade, Elizabeth J.; Owen, Christopher L.; Goemans, Geert; Marathe, Kiran et al. (28 May 2018). "A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification". Zootaxa 4424 (1): 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477. 
  11. ↑ Hill, Kathy B. R.; Marshall, David C.; Marathe, Kiran; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Lee, Young June; Pham, Thai-Hong; Mohagan, Alma B.; Sarkar, Vivek et al. (2021). "The molecular systematics and diversification of a taxonomically unstable group of Asian cicada tribes related to Cicadini Latreille, 1802 (Hemiptera : Cicadidae)". Invertebrate Systematics 35 (5): 570. doi:10.1071/IS20079. 
  12. ↑ Price, Benjamin W.; Marshall, David C.; Barker, Nigel P.; Simon, Chris; Villet, Martin H. (October 2019). "Out of Africa? A dated molecular phylogeny of the cicada tribe Platypleurini Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a focus on African genera and the genus Platypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville". Systematic Entomology 44 (4): 842–861. doi:10.1111/syen.12360. Bibcode: 2019SysEn..44..842P. 
  13. ↑ "Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (Oxford University Press) 128 (4): 865–886. 2019. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz120. 
  14. ↑ Sanborn, Allen F.; Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Puissant, Stéphane; Simon, Chris (2 March 2020). "Redefinition of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905, status of the tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1993 rev. stat., and the establishment of Hovanini n. tribe and Sapantangini n. tribe (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)". Zootaxa 4747 (1): 133–155. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.5. PMID 32230121. http://publication.plazi.org/id/EB7FEE2E0F266A0B830EBC6F7F4B3765. 
  15. ↑ Jiang, Hui; Szwedo, Jacek; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Chen, Jun; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Mähler, Bastian; Muscente, A. Drew; Zhuo, De et al. (2024-01-08). "Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding" (in en). Nature Communications 15 (1): 376. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 38191461. Bibcode: 2024NatCo..15..376J. 
  16. ↑ Moulds, M. S. (22 June 2018). "Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae". Zootaxa 4438 (3): 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130. 
  17. ↑ Jiang, Hui; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Blank, Stephan M.; Rust, Jes; Wedmann, Sonja (2025-04-29). "Sounds from the Eocene: the first singing cicada from the Messel Pit, Germany" (in en). Scientific Reports 15 (1): 12826. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94099-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 40301415. Bibcode: 2025NatSR..1512826J. 
  • Data related to Cicadidae at Wikispecies

Wikidata ☰ Q130778 entry



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