Biology:Clausena
| Clausena | |
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| Clausena lansium | |
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| Kingdom: | Plantae
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| Genus: | Clausena Burm.f.
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| Type species | |
| Clausena excavata[1] Burm.f.
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Clausena is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It was first defined by the Dutch botanist Nicolaas Laurens Burman in 1768. It is distributed in Africa, southern Asia, Australia , and the Pacific Islands.[3]
This genus is in the subfamily Aurantioideae, which also includes genus Citrus. It is in the subtribe Clauseninae, which are known technically as the remote citroid fruit trees.[4][5]
Clausena was named for the Norwegian clergyman, Peder Claussøn Friis (1545-1614), the translator of the Icelandic historian and poet, Snorri Sturluson.[6]
Description
The genus includes shrubs and trees. Some species are variable, with many forms. C. anisata, for example has been described as a shrub under a meter tall and as a tree of 20 metres (66 ft).[4] The leaves of these plants are pinnate, divided into leaflets. The inflorescence varies in form, but is generally a cluster of several flowers with 4 or 5 petals and sepals. The fruit is a berry which lacks the pulp of many other fruits in the citrus family.[3] The genus can be distinguished from related plants by the presence of a gynophore, a structure supporting the ovary in the flower. It looks very different in the various species, however, and can be hard to recognize.[4]
Uses
C. anisata is a tree used for its wood,[7] and in traditional medicine.[8] C. excavata is used medicinally in Asia for a variety of conditions, including snakebite, malaria, dysentery, and HIV infection.[9] Some species, such as C. indica and C. lansium (wampi), produce edible fruit. Wampi is cultivated as a fruit tree, and though it is only a remote relative of citrus, it can be grafted to various citrus trees. There are sour, sweet, and intermediate varieties of C. lansium.[4]
Fossil record
A Clausena leaf fossil from the Oligocene of Ethiopia, represents so far the oldest record of the genus.[10]
Diversity
The taxonomy of the genus is unclear.[4] There are between about 15 and 30 species.[3] Many formerly used names were made synonyms in a 1994 revision.[11]
- Clausena abyssinica
- Clausena anisata– horsewood
- Clausena anisum-olens (syn. C. sanki, nom. rejic.)
- Clausena austroindica
- Clausena brevistyla
- Clausena dentata
- Clausena engleri
- Clausena excavata
- Clausena harmandiana
- Clausena henryi
- Clausena heptaphylla
- Clausena indica
- Clausena inolida
- Clausena kanpurensis
- Clausena lansium– wampi, wampee, Chinese clausena
- Clausena lenis
- Clausena luxurians
- Clausena poilanei[11]
- Clausena smyrelliana[8]
- Clausena wallichii
References
- ↑ "Clausena Burm.f.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=16550.
- ↑ "Clausena Burm.f.". http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30056377-2.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Clausena. Flora of China.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Swingle, W. T., rev. P. C. Reece. Chapter 3: The Botany of Citrus and its Wild Relatives. In: The Citrus Industry vol. 1. Webber, H. J. (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1967.
- ↑ Citrus Variety Collection. College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. University of California, Riverside.
- ↑ "CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants" - Umberto Quattrocchi (2012)
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Clausena anisata | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?10807 | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 14 January 2018 }}
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Forster, Paul I. (2000). "Clausena smyrelliana (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae), a new and critically endangered species from south-east Queensland". Austrobaileya 5 (4): 715–720.
- ↑ Thongthoom, T., et al. (2010). Biological activity of chemical constituents from Clausena harmandiana. Archives of Pharmacal Research 33(5), 675-80.
- ↑ Citrus linczangensis sp. n., a Leaf Fossil of Rutaceae from the Late Miocene of Yunnan, China by Sanping Xie, Steven R Manchester, Kenan Liu and Bainian Sun - International Journal of Plant Sciences 174(8):1201-1207 October 2013.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Molino, J. F. (1994). Révision du genre Clausena Burm. f.(Rutaceae). Adansonia 1, 105-53.
- ↑ Clausena. The Plant List.
- ↑ GRIN Species Records of Clausena. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q2993704 entry
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