Biology:Clitocybe
Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.[1]
Clitocybe means sloping head. [clarification needed]
A few members of the genus are considered edible; many others are poisonous, containing the toxin muscarine among others. Distinguishing individual species of Clitocybe is generally prohibitively difficult to non-experts, requiring the analysis of microscopic characters. Therefore, with the exception of a few charismatic and readily identified members, Clitocybe mushrooms are rarely collected for consumption.
Taxonomy
Clitocybe was originally proposed by Elias Fries in 1821 as a tribe in the genus Agaricus. Friedrich Staude elevated it to generic status in 1857.[2]
Recent molecular work has shown the genus to be polyphyletic: many members are seemingly distantly related and other fungi, such as the field blewit and wood blewit, now known as Clitocybe saeva and C. nuda respectively, are more closely related.
As C. nebularis is the type species,[3] those most distantly related to it would be likely to be reclassified in the future. In a 2003 paper, Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja proposed C. geotropa and twelve other Clitocybe species be split off into a new genus Infundibulicybe on the basis of spore properties. His C. clavipes was later transferred to the genus Ampulloclitocybe by Redhead and colleagues,[3] that genus name taking precedence over Harmaja's proposed Clavicybe.[4] Other former Clitocybe species have been placed in the genera Atractosporocybe, Leucocybe and Rhizocybe.[5]
Toxicity
The consumption of two species, Clitocybe acromelalga from Japan,[6] and Clitocybe amoenolens from France,[7] has led to several cases of mushroom-induced erythromelalgia which lasted from 8 days to 5 months.[8]
Many small Clitocybe species contain the toxin muscarine, which was originally found in small amounts in the famous fly agaric. However, the small white Clitocybe species contain muscarine in dangerous amounts, and two species in particular, the closely related Clitocybe dealbata and Clitocybe rivulosa, contain muscarine in such amounts that deaths have been recorded for eating those two Clitocybe species.
Selected species
- Clitocybe agrestis
- Clitocybe albirhiza
- Clitocybe amarescens
- Clitocybe brumalis – winter funnel cap
- Clitocybe cerussata
- Clitocybe cistophila – Europe
- Clitocybe costata – may be edible but due to its rareness it is not consumed.
- Clitocybe dealbata – ivory funnel, sweating mushroom – Europe, poisonous
- Clitocybe dilatata – poisonous[9]
- Clitocybe ditopus
- Clitocybe eccentrica
- Clitocybe entoloma
- Clitocybe eucalyptorum
- Clitocybe fennica
- Clitocybe fragrans – fragrant funnel
- Clitocybe gilvaoides
- Clitocybe glacialis
- Clitocybe globispora
- Clitocybe glutiniceps
- Clitocybe lohjaensis
- Clitocybe marginella
- Clitocybe menthiodora
- Clitocybe nebularis – clouded agaric – considered edible by some, though causes gastric upset in many people
- Clitocybe odora – aniseed toadstool – grows near birch trees, but can be easily mistaken for poisonous ones mainly because of its appearance
- Clitocybe paraditopa – Australia
- Clitocybe parasitica
- Clitocybe rivulosa – fool's funnel – Europe, North America
- Clitocybe ruderalis
- Clitocybe sclerotoidea
- Clitocybe strigosa
- Clitocybe subcordispora
- Clitocybe tarda
- Clitocybe truncicola
- Clitocybe vibecina
- Clitocybe violaceifolia
- Clitocybe robusta
Taxonomic status unclear
- Clitocybe maxima – giant clitocybe – taxonomic status unclear,[10] with Pleurotus giganteus[11] and Infundibulicybe hongyinpan[12] mistaken for this species
Reclassified
- Clitocybe acromelalga – now Paralepistopsis acromelalga
- Clitocybe alexandri – now Clitopaxillus alexandri
- Clitocybe amoenolens – paralysis funnel – now Paralepistopsis amoenolens
- Clitocybe brunneocephala – now Collybia brunneocephala – edible[13][14]
- Clitocybe nuda – Lepista nuda – Collybia nuda – wood blewit – a common edible distinguished in part by its lilac hue[14]
- Clitocybe candicans – now Leucocybe candicans
- Clitocybe catinus / Infundibulicibe catinus – a white form of Infundibulicybe gibba[15]
- Clitocybe clavipes – may be edible but poisonous when consumed in conjunction with alcohol – now Ampulloclitocybe clavipes
- Clitocybe connata – inedible, suspected to be mutagenic – now Leucocybe connata
- Clitocybe geotropa – trooping funnel, monk's head agaric – now Infundibulicybe geotropa
- Clitocybe gibba – now Infundibulicybe gibba
The bioluminescent jack o'lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) was formerly placed in this genus as Clitocybe illudens.
See also
References
- ↑ Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. 2008. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk.
- ↑ Staude F. (1857) (in de). Die Schwämme Mitteldeutschlands. 1. https://books.google.com/books?id=ihpbcxB2ZIwC.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Redhead, S.A. (July–September 2002). "Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for core omphalinoid genera in the Agaricales (euagarics)". Mycotaxon 83: 19–57. http://www.lutzonilab.net/publications/lutzoni_file194.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
- ↑ Harmaja, Harri (2003). "Notes on Clitocybe s. lato (Agaricales)". Annales Botanici Fennici 40: 213–18. http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb40-free/anb40-213.pdf.
- ↑ "Atractosporocybe, Leucocybe and Rhizocybe, three new clitocyboid genera in the Tricholomatoid clade (Agaricales) with notes on Clitocybe and Lepista". Mycologia 107 (1): 123–36. 2015. doi:10.3852/13-369. PMID 25344261. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282709864_Atractosporocybe_Leucocybe_and_Rhizocybe_Three_new_clitocyboid_genera_in_the_tricholomatoid_clade_Agaricales_with_notes_on_Clitocybe_and_Lepis.
- ↑ Ichimura, J (1918). "A new poisonous mushroom". Bot Gaz (Tokyo) 65: 10911.
- ↑ "Erythromelalgia and mushroom poisoning". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39 (4): 403–07. 2001. doi:10.1081/CLT-100105162. PMID 11527236.
- ↑ Diaz, James H. (2005). "Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings". Critical Care Medicine 33 (2): 427–36. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000153531.69448.49. PMID 15699849.
- ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2. https://archive.org/details/mushroomsotherfu0000phil.
- ↑ "Basidiomycete diversity within Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) ecosystems on the island of Cyprus". Mycotaxon (Mycotaxon Publications) 136 (2): 8 (web edition). 2021. doi:10.5248/136.543. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/395995.
- ↑ 邓旺秋; 李泰辉; 陈枝南; 吴丽明; 杨伟东; 张桂明 (2006). "栽培食用菌猪肚菇的学名考证". 食用菌学报 (3): 71–74.
- ↑ 刘虹; 郭尚; 范黎 (2019). "山西著名野生食用蘑菇红银盘:漏斗伞属新物种". 山西大学学报(自然科学版) 42 (1): 275–280.
- ↑ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 He, Zheng-Mi; Chen, Zuo-Hong; Bau, Tolgor; Wang, Geng-Shen; Yang, Zhu L. (November 2023). "Systematic arrangement within the family Clitocybaceae (Tricholomatineae, Agaricales): phylogenetic and phylogenomic evidence, morphological data and muscarine-producing innovation" (in en). Fungal Diversity 123 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1007/s13225-023-00527-2. ISSN 1560-2745. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13225-023-00527-2.
- ↑ "A new taxon in the Infundibulicybe gibba complex (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) from Sardinia (Italy)". Mycologia 103 (1): 203–208. 2011. doi:10.3852/10-137. PMID 20943527.
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