Biology:Collagen, type X, alpha 1

Generic protein structure example

Collagen alpha-1(X) chain is a protein that in humans is a member of the collagen family encoded by the COL10A1 gene.

This gene encodes the alpha chain of type X collagen, a short chain collagen expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Unlike type VIII collagen, the other short chain collagen, type X collagen is a homotrimer. Type X collagen has a short triple helical collagen domain flanked by the N-terminal NC2 and the C-terminal NC1 domains. The C-terminal NC1 domain has complement C1q-like structure. Collagen X forms hexamer complexes through the association of NC1 regions. Mutations in this gene are associated with Schmid type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD) and Japanese type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMD).

DDR2 is a collagen receptor for it.

Recent studies into the early detection of colon cancer have identified COL10A1 protein levels in serum as a potential diagnostic biomarker candidate to detect both adenoma lesions and tumor.

Collagen alpha-1(X) undergoes degradation in the active growth plate releasing an intact NC1 region with a small amount of collagenous region attached. This degradation byproduct has been deemed CXM and has potential to be a useful biomarker to assess real time growth velocity in children and fracture healing in adults.

Further reading

• "Mutations in fibrillar collagens (types I, II, III, and XI), fibril-associated collagen (type IX), and network-forming collagen (type X) cause a spectrum of diseases of bone, cartilage, and blood vessels.". Hum. Mutat. 9 (4): 300–15. 1997. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:4<300::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 9101290. 
• "Selective binding of anchorin CII (annexin V) to type II and X collagen and to chondrocalcin (C-propeptide of type II collagen). Implications for anchoring function between matrix vesicles and matrix proteins.". FEBS Lett. 310 (2): 143–7. 1992. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)81316-E. PMID 1397263. 
• "Genomic organization and full-length cDNA sequence of human collagen X.". FEBS Lett. 311 (3): 305–10. 1992. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)81126-7. PMID 1397333. 
• "Cloning of the human and mouse type X collagen genes and mapping of the mouse type X collagen gene to chromosome 10.". Eur. J. Biochem. 206 (1): 217–24. 1992. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16919.x. PMID 1587271. 
• "In situ hybridization studies on the expression of type X collagen in fetal human cartilage.". Dev. Biol. 148 (2): 562–72. 1992. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(91)90274-7. PMID 1743401. 
• "The human collagen X gene. Complete primary translated sequence and chromosomal localization.". Biochem. J. 280 (3): 617–23. 1992. doi:10.1042/bj2800617. PMID 1764025. 
• "Mutations in three subdomains of the carboxy-terminal region of collagen type X account for most of the Schmid metaphyseal dysplasias.". Hum. Genet. 96 (1): 58–64. 1995. doi:10.1007/BF00214187. PMID 7607655. 
• "Concentration of mutations causing Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia in the C-terminal noncollagenous domain of type X collagen.". Hum. Mutat. 5 (2): 121–5. 1995. doi:10.1002/humu.1380050204. PMID 7749409. 
• "Type X collagen multimer assembly in vitro is prevented by a Gly618 to Val mutation in the alpha 1(X) NC1 domain resulting in Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (9): 4558–62. 1995. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.9.4558. PMID 7876225. 
• "Additional mutations of type X collagen confirm COL10A1 as the Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia locus.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (2): 303–7. 1994. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.2.303. PMID 8004099. 
• "Identification of a mutation in type X collagen in a family with Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (3): 507–9. 1994. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.3.507. PMID 8012364. 
• "A type X collagen mutation causes Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.". Nat. Genet. 5 (1): 79–82. 1993. doi:10.1038/ng0993-79. PMID 8220429. 
• "Amino acid substitutions of conserved residues in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the alpha 1(X) chain of type X collagen occur in two unrelated families with metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 54 (2): 169–78. 1994. PMID 8304336. 
• "A novel mutation substituting tryptophan with arginine in the carboxyl-terminal, non-collagenous domain of collagen X in a case of Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217 (3): 1157–62. 1996. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2890. PMID 8554571. 
• "Mutations within the gene encoding the alpha 1 (X) chain of type X collagen (COL10A1) cause metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid but not several other forms of metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.". J. Med. Genet. 33 (6): 450–7. 1996. doi:10.1136/jmg.33.6.450. PMID 8782043. 
• "Dideoxyfingerprinting (ddF) analysis of the type X collagen gene (COL10A1) and identification of a novel mutation (S671P) in a kindred with Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.". Biochem. Mol. Med. 59 (2): 112–7. 1997. doi:10.1006/bmme.1996.0075. PMID 8986632. https://zenodo.org/record/1229556. 
• "Variability in the upstream promoter and intron sequences of the human, mouse and chick type X collagen genes.". Matrix Biol. 15 (6): 415–22. 1997. doi:10.1016/S0945-053X(96)90160-2. PMID 9049979. 
• "Mutations in the N-terminal globular domain of the type X collagen gene (COL10A1) in patients with Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.". Hum. Mutat. 9 (2): 131–5. 1997. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:2<131::AID-HUMU5>3.0.CO;2-C. PMID 9067753.