Biology:Consistent life ethic

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Short description: Ideology opposing abortion, capital punishment, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and some or all wars 
The consistent life ethic, also known as the consistent ethic of life or whole life ethic, is an ideology that opposes abortion, capital punishment, assisted suicide, and euthanasia. Adherents oppose war, or at the very least unjust war; some adherents go as far as full pacifism and so oppose all war.[1] Many authors have understood the ethic to be relevant to a broad variety of areas of public policy as well as social justice issues.[2]

The term was popularized in 1983 by the Catholic prelate Joseph Bernardin, in the United States , to express an ideology based on the premise that all human life is sacred and should be protected by law.[3]

History

The phrase "consistent ethic of life" was used as far back as a 1971 speech delivered by then-Archbishop Humberto Medeiros of Boston.[4]Template:Christian Democracy sidebar

Eileen Egan

In 1971, the Catholic pacifist Eileen Egan coined the phrase "seamless garment" to describe a holistic reverence for life.[5][6] The phrase is a Bible reference from John 19:23 to the seamless robe of Jesus, which his executioners left whole rather than dividing it at his execution. The seamless garment philosophy holds that issues such as abortion, capital punishment, militarism, euthanasia, social injustice, and economic injustice all demand a consistent application of moral principles valuing the sanctity of human life. "The protection of life", said Egan, "is a seamless garment. You can't protect some life and not others." Her words were meant to challenge members of society who divided their commitment to protecting and cherishing human life, choosing anti-war stances but not anti-abortion work, or those members of the anti-abortion movement who were in favor of capital punishment.

J. Bryan Hehir

J. Bryan Hehir, staff writer for the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops on political affairs, is credited by Charles Curran with coining the term "consistent ethic of life"[7][8]

Joseph Cardinal Bernardin

Cardinal Joseph Bernardin of Chicago helped publicize the consistent life ethic idea, initially in a lecture at Fordham University, December 6, 1983. At first Bernardin spoke out against nuclear war and abortion. However, he quickly expanded the scope of his view to include all aspects of human life. In that Fordham University lecture, Bernardin said: "The spectrum of life cuts across the issues of genetics, abortion, capital punishment, modern warfare and the care of the terminally ill."[9] Bernardin said that although each of the issues was distinct, nevertheless the issues were linked since the valuing and defending of (human) life were, he believed, at the center of both issues. Bernardin told an audience in Portland, Oregon: "When human life is considered 'cheap' or easily expendable in one area, eventually nothing is held as sacred and all lives are in jeopardy."[9]

Bernardin drew his stance from New Testament principles, specifically of forgiveness and reconciliation, yet he argued that neither the themes nor the content generated from those themes were exclusively Christian.[10] By doing this, Bernardin attempted to create a dialogue with others who were not necessarily aligned with Christianity.

Bernardin and other advocates of this ethic sought to form a consistent policy that would link abortion, capital punishment, economic injustice, euthanasia, and unjust war.[3] Bernardin sought to unify conservative Catholics (who opposed abortion) and liberal Catholics (who opposed capital punishment) in the United States. By relying on fundamental principles, Bernardin also sought to coordinate work on several different spheres of Catholic moral theology. In addition, Bernardin argued that since the 1950s the church had moved against its own historical, casuistic exceptions to the protection of life. "To summarize the shift succinctly, the presumption against taking human life has been strengthened and the exceptions made ever more restrictive."[3]

Growth and present-day activity

The non-profit organization Consistent Life Network, founded in 1987 as the Seamless Garment Network, promotes adherence to the ethic through education and non-violent action.[11][12] Individual endorsers belonging to the organization include Father Daniel Berrigan, theologian Harvey Cox, Village Voice columnist Nat Hentoff, Father Theodore Hesburgh, actress Patricia Heaton, L'Arche founder Jean Vanier, death penalty activist Sister Helen Prejean, pastor and activist Patrick Mahoney, author Ken Kesey, Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams and Nobel Peace Prize laureates Mairead Corrigan Maguire and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel.[13] Rachel MacNair, for ten years (1994–2004) President of Feminists for Life, an anti-abortion organization, is the director of the Institute for Integrated Social Analysis, the research arm of Consistent Life Network.[14][15]

The Network also consists of member groups such as Rehumanize International, created under the name Life Matters Journal by Aimee Murphy in 2011.[16][17] Secular Pro-Life, Democrats for Life of America, the Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians (PLAGAL), and All Our Lives (a pro-contraception feminist group), New Wave Feminists (led by Destiny Herndon-De La Rosa), and the American Solidarity Party, a Christian Democratic political party, are all additional members.[18][19][20][21][22] These organizations collaborate with Consistent Life Network for activism and volunteer outreach efforts.

Along with the American Solidarity Party, the Prohibition Party, a minor political party in the United States, endorses a consistent life ethic.[18]

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops promotes the culture of life, which their endorsers also claim to mean the consistent ethic of life, through publications, volunteer efforts, and declarations. Several Catholic dioceses have groups created with the aim of promoting the consistent life ethic in their communities and putting it into practice.[23] The Catholic Worker Movement, established by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin, is an organization primarily aimed towards grassroots organization and volunteer work to serve the poor, marginalized, and those facing unexpected pregnancies.[24]

Other prominent authors who have written in support of the consistent life ethic include Frank Pavone,[25] James Martin,[26] John Dear,[27][5][28] Ron Sider,[29] James Hedges,[18] Tony Campolo,[30][31][32] Joel Hunter,[32] Wendell Berry,[33][34][28] and Shane Claiborne.[32][35][36]

Views

Abortion

Bernardin considered opposition to abortion to be an integral part of the consistent life ethic. In a 1988 interview with National Catholic Register, he stated, "I feel very, very strongly about the right to life of the unborn, the weakest and most vulnerable of human beings. I don’t see how you can subscribe to the consistent ethic and then vote for someone who feels that abortion is a 'basic right' of the individual. The consequence of that position would be an absence of legal protection for the unborn."[37]

Many consistent life ethic adherents advocate for increased social support for parents in addition to legal protection for the unborn.[38]

Advocates for the consistent life ethic have reacted positively to the release of the landmark Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision (2022), which overruled both Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992).[39] According to Herb Geraghty of Rehumanize International, "Right now is clearly a moment for celebration, and for mourning the lives that have been lost in the last 50 years due to the Roe v. Wade decision."[40]

Capital punishment

In a 1977 statement following the Gregg v. Georgia decision—which reaffirmed the United States Supreme Court's acceptance of the use of the death penalty in the United States—Bernardin wrote, "Many have expressed the view [...] that in this day of increasing violence and disregard for human life, a return to the use of capital punishment can only lead to further erosion of respect for life and to the increased brutalization of our society."[41]

Bernardin's opposition to capital punishment was rooted in the conviction that an atmosphere of respect for life must pervade a society, and resorting to the death penalty would not support this attitude.[42] Modern-day adherents to the consistent life ethic continue to oppose the use of capital punishment; in this advocacy, some echo Bernardin's appeal to the sanctity of life, while others emphasize the relationships between class, race and capital punishment to argue that there is not a way for capital punishment to be used justly.[43][44]

One outspoken anti-death penalty activist is Sister Helen Prejean. Her books Dead Man Walking and The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account to Wrongful Executions are autobiographical accounts of the time she spent ministering to death row inmates.[45]

Health care

Bernardin understood the consistent life ethic as implying a societal responsibility to provide adequate health care for all, especially the poor.[46][47][48]

As such, appeals to the consistent life ethic have been made in support of universal health care.[49]

In vitro fertilization

In vitro fertilization is a process in which multiple viable embryos are created, and a single one implanted, with the extra ones frozen for potential future use. After the parents stop paying the storage fees for these, they are discarded, which has been opposed by anti-abortion advocates.[50]

Herb Geraghty, executive director of the secular group Rehumanize International, which promotes the consistent life ethic, said, "We should not intentionally end the life of a human being, regardless of where they are in their lifecycle, in a womb or in a fertility lab",[50] but also that he does not know what should be done with the "thousands of human beings who are currently frozen against their will."[50]

Abuse of alcohol and other drugs

Further information: Social:Temperance movement

James Hedges, in an article titled "Prohibition Platform incorporates a Consistent Life Ethic," stated that "Alcohol in many ways causes 'premature deaths,' and it degrades the quality of life before death."[18] However, with the exception of the Prohibition Party, most organizations that embrace a consistent life ethic do not take a stance on the prohibition of alcohol.[12]

Refugees

The consistent life ethic has been invoked to include care for immigrants and refugees.[51][49][52][53] While not directly appealing to the consistent life ethic, other Catholics have sought to apply the pro-life ethic to the issue of immigration.[54][55][56]

Wearing of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

James Martin, a Jesuit priest, affirmed a belief in a consistent life ethic, specifically stating that a "reverence for life includes a desire to care for the unborn child in the womb, the elderly person in danger of euthanasia, the refugee starving on the border, the L.G.B.T. youth tempted to suicide and the inmate being readied for execution on death row".[57] Martin stated that to that list, sacred lives also include "the woman standing in line at the grocery store checkout counter, the elderly man seated in a church pew or the office worker who has just stepped aboard public transportation."[57] Because masks prevent contagion, the act of wearing a mask in Martin's view is pro-life.[57]

Criticisms

One criticism made of the consistent life ethic position is that it inadvertently helped provide "cover" or support for politicians who supported legalized abortion or wanted to minimize this issue, a circumstance that Bernardin himself both recognized and deplored.[58][4] A critic of Joseph Bernardin, George Weigel rejected the claims that the consistent life ethic had been created to cover up for abortion rights, saying that Bernardin was "a committed pro-lifer".[59]

The concept of a consistent life ethic is often rejected in the United States and abroad by those who prefer to use the concept of a culture of life as was promoted by Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI in their encyclicals. Archbishop José Gómez of Los Angeles dismissed the "seamless garment" approach in 2016 because in his view it results in "a mistaken idea that all issues are morally equivalent."[60]

The "seamless garment" approach was also criticized by then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger while he was serving as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. In a July 2004 letter written to now former-Cardinal Theodore McCarrick and to the United States Bishops as a whole, Cardinal Ratzinger makes it clear that the church does not treat capital punishment with the same moral weight that it does abortion and euthanasia: "Not all moral issues have the same moral weight as abortion and euthanasia. For example, if a Catholic were to be at odds with the Holy Father [the Pope] on the application of capital punishment or on the decision to wage war, he would not for that reason be considered unworthy to present himself to receive Holy Communion...There may be a legitimate diversity of opinion even among Catholics about waging war and applying the death penalty, but not however with regard to abortion and euthanasia."[61]

Jesuit magazine America stated in an article published on 6 December 2023 that the consistent life ethic, generally speaking, has been a failure, claiming that "Depressingly, 40 years since Cardinal Bernardin first proposed the consistent ethic of life, the ethic remains mirrored in the same senseless, polarized partisanship that Bernardin proposed the ethic to overcome."[62]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Worthen, Molly (15 September 2012). "The Power of Political Communion". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/opinion/sunday/catholics-and-the-power-of-political-communion.html?_r=1. 
  2. ↑ Overberg, Kenneth R. (2006) (in en). Ethics and AIDS: Compassion and Justice in a Global Crisis. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7425-5012-4. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bernardin, Joseph. Consistent ethics of life 1988, Sheed and Ward
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gregg, Samuel (13 August 2015). "The Consistent—and Not So Seamless—Ethic of Life". http://www.catholicworldreport.com/Item/4098/the_consistentand_not_so_seamlessethic_of_life.aspx. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dear, J. (2005). The God of Peace: Toward A Theology of Nonviolence. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 158ff. ISBN 978-1-59752-112-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=xE5LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158. Retrieved 9 March 2017. 
  6. ↑ Leach, Michael (6 November 2012). "Cardinal Bernardin's gift fits all sizes". National Catholic Reporter. https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/soul-seeing/cardinal-bernardin's-gift-fits-all-sizes. 
  7. ↑ Curran, C.E. (2006). Loyal Dissent: Memoir of a Catholic Theologian. Moral Traditions series. Georgetown University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-58901-363-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=NiRok8QcSnoC&pg=PA103. Retrieved 25 July 2017. 
  8. ↑ Other attribute the term to Bernardin himself, eg. Cosacchi, D.; Martin, E. (2016). The Berrigan Letters: Personal Correspondence between Daniel and Philip Berrigan. Orbis Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-60833-631-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=i5ycCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13. Retrieved 25 July 2017. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Overberg, Kenneth R. S.J.:"A Consistent Ethic of Life", Catholic Update, St. Anthony's Press, 2009
  10. ↑ Walter, James J. and Shannon, Thomas A.: Contemporary Issues in Bioethics: A Catholic perspective, Rowan and Littlefeild Publishers, 2005.
  11. ↑ "Vision & Mission" (in en). https://www.consistentlifenetwork.org/mission. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Member Organizations" (in en). https://www.consistentlifenetwork.org/member-orgs. 
  13. ↑ "Consistent Life Individual Endorsers As of January 9, 2017". http://www.consistent-life.org/clsigners.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "Institute for Integrated Social Analysis". Consistent Life Network. http://www.consistent-life.org/research.html. 
  15. ↑ Derr, M.K.; MacNair, R.; Naranjo-Huebl, L. (2005). Prolife Feminism: Yesterday and Today. Feminism and Nonviolence Studies Association. ISBN 978-1-4134-9577-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35RPgAACAAJ. 
  16. ↑ Camosy, Charles (18 May 2017). "'Consistent Life Ethic' needed to change attitudes on abortion". Crux. https://cruxnow.com/interviews/2017/05/18/consistent-life-ethic-needed-change-attitudes-abortion. 
  17. ↑ Graham, Ruth (11 October 2016). "The New Culture of Life" (in en-US). Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/cover_story/2016/10/the_future_of_the_pro_life_movement.html. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 James Hedges (June 2020). "Prohibition Platform incorporates a Consistent Life Ethic" (in en). National Prohibitionist (Mercersburg Printing) 10 (2): 4. ISSN 1549-9251. 
  19. ↑ Hughes, Mariann (30 October 2016). "The search for a third way in U.S. politics". Our Sunday Visitor. https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Article/TabId/535/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/20947/The-search-for-a-third-way-in-US-politics.aspx. 
  20. ↑ "Complete Platform". http://www.solidarity-party.org/complete-platform. 
  21. ↑ Halper, Daniel (9 June 2016). "WH Denies Endorsement Will Intimidate FBI Investigators". Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/wh-denies-endorsement-will-intimidate-fbi-investigators/article/2002757. 
  22. ↑ "About". https://www.newwavefeminists.com/about. 
  23. ↑ "Culture Of Life | USCCB". https://www.usccb.org/committees/pro-life-activities/culture-life. 
  24. ↑ "Catholic Worker Movement". https://www.catholicworker.org/cw-aims-and-means.html. 
  25. ↑ Pavone, Frank (1 January 1999). "The Consistent Ethic of Life: Myths and Realities". http://www.priestsforlife.org/columns/4378-the-consistent-ethic-of-life-myths-and-realities. 
  26. ↑ Gun Control is a Pro-Life Issue, America, 17 December 2012
  27. ↑ Dear, John (15 July 2008). "The Consistent Ethic of Life". http://www.fatherjohndear.org/articles/the_consistent_ethic.html. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Consistent Life Network Endorsers". http://www.consistentlifenetwork.org/endorsers. 
  29. ↑ Sider, Ron (1987). Completely Pro-Life. Intervarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1706-1. 
  30. ↑ Campolo, Tony (18 October 2006). "Who is Really Pro-Life?". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tony-campolo/who-is-really-prolife_b_31947.html.  (revised 25 May 2011)
  31. ↑ Merritt, Jonathan (17 December 2013). "Tony Campolo hits hard on abortion, gay marriage, Israel and more". Religion News Service. http://religionnews.com/2013/12/17/tony-campolo-hits-hard-hot-button-issues/. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Pally, Marcia (28 December 2011). "The New Evangelicals: How Christians are rethinking Abortion and Gay Marriage". Australian Broadcasting Commission. http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/12/28/3399068.htm. 
  33. ↑ Berry, Wendell (22 June 1986). "The consequences of treating a fetus as a human being: Reader survey on abortion". Whole Earth Review. Letter to. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  34. ↑ Berry, Wendell. The failure of war. 
  35. ↑ Claiborne, Shane (22 January 2013). "A Dialogue on What it Means to be Pro-Life". https://www.redletterchristians.org/a-dialogue-on-what-it-means-to-be-pro-life/. 
  36. ↑ Claiborne, Shane (2006). The Irresistible Revolution. Zondervan. ISBN 9780310266303. https://archive.org/details/irresistiblerevo00clai. 
  37. ↑ "BERNARDIN: Chicago's Pastor on Consistency and the '88 Vote". National Catholic Register. 12 June 1988. https://www.ncregister.com/blog/bernardin-put-life-first. 
  38. ↑ Chandler, Michael Alison (19 January 2018). "'Badass. Prolife. Feminist.' How the 'pro-life feminist' movement is straddling the March for Life and Women's March". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/01/19/this-weekend-many-members-of-the-growing-pro-life-feminist-movement-plan-to-attend-both-the-march-for-life-and-the-womens-march/. 
  39. ↑ O'Loughlin, Michael J (24 June 2022). "'We thank God today': Catholics react to the end of Roe v. Wade". America Magazine. https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2022/06/24/roe-overturned-catholic-reactions-243239. 
  40. ↑ Schermele, Zachary (29 June 2022). "For anti-abortion LGBTQ groups, Roe's reversal is a 'human rights victory'". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/anti-abortion-lgbtq-groups-roes-reversal-human-rights-victory-rcna35716. 
  41. ↑ "Archbishop Bernardin Opposes Death Penalty". Washington Post. 4 February 1977. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/02/04/archbishop-bernardin-opposes-death-penalty/58957866-d294-4250-b2ec-7444d61e8b5a/. 
  42. ↑ Bernardin, Cardinal Joseph A.: The Seamless Garment: Writings on the Consistent Ethic of Life Orbis Books, 2008.
  43. ↑ Costello, Carol (28 May 2014). "Can you be pro-life and pro-death penalty?". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/14/opinion/costello-pro-life-pro-death-penalty/index.html. 
  44. ↑ "Rehumanize | On Capital Punishment". https://www.rehumanizeintl.org/capital-punishment. 
  45. ↑ MacNair, Rachel M., and Zunes, Stephen: Consistently Opposing Killing: from abortion to assisted suicide, the death penalty and war, pages 58–60. Praeger Publishers, 2008.
  46. ↑ Bernardin, Joseph Cardinal (1985). The Consistent Ethic of Life and Health Care Systems (Speech). Foster McGaw Triennial Conference. Chicago, IL.
  47. ↑ Bernardin, Joseph Cardinal (18 May 1986). The Consistent Ethic of Life: The Challenge and the Witness of Catholic Health Care (Speech). Catholic Medical Center Jamaica, New York. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  48. ↑ Bernardin, Joseph Cardinal (4 October 1986). Address: Consistent Ethic of Life Conference (Speech). Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "On health care, a consistent ethic of life". The Long Island Catholic 48 (23). 30 September 2009. http://www.newspaper.licatholic.org/editorial/health-care-consistent-ethic-life. Retrieved 2 February 2017. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Butler, Kiera (1 July 2022). "IVF Worked, and 2 Embryos Remain. Soon She May Not Be Allowed To Decide What Happens to Them.". Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/07/ivf-worked-and-2-embryos-remain-soon-she-may-not-be-allowed-to-decide-what-happens-to-them/. 
  51. ↑ Scribner, Todd (31 July 2014). "The Gospel of Life and the Catholic approach to the refugee crisis". http://www.catholicsinalliance.org/refugeecrisis. 
  52. ↑ Adkins, Jason (13 August 2014). "Catholic Spirit: Border children and a consistent ethic of life". https://mncatholic.org/catholic-spirit-border-children-consistent-ethic-life/. 
  53. ↑ Kangas, Billy (22 January 2015). "Keeping "Pro-Life" Consistent". http://www.patheos.com/blogs/billykangas/2015/01/keeping-pro-life-consistent.html. 
  54. ↑ Snyder, L. (20 January 2015). "Catholic Leaders to Congress: Immigration Reform is a Pro-Life Issue". Faith in Public Life. http://www.faithinpubliclife.org/immigrationlife/. 
  55. ↑ Allen, John L. Jr. (5 April 2014). "Immigration reform becomes a Catholic 'pro-life' cause". Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2014/04/05/immigration-reform-becomes-catholic-pro-life-cause/2XHiTpDhrKL8pWqreakpwI/story.html. 
  56. ↑ Winters, Michael Sean (21 January 2015). "Catholic leaders push immigration as pro-life issue". National Catholic Reporter. https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/catholic-leaders-push-immigration-pro-life-issue. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 "Father James Martin: Wearing a mask is pro-life" (in en). America. 21 July 2020. https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2020/07/21/covid-mask-wear-pro-life-catholic-james-martin. 
  58. ↑ Neff, Ronald N. (16 August 2005). "The "Seamless Garment" Revisited". Sobran's. http://www.sobran.com/columns/2005/050816.shtml. 
  59. ↑ Weigel, George (February 2011). "The End of the Bernardin Era: The rise, dominance, and decline of a culturally accommodating Catholicism". First Things. https://www.firstthings.com/article/2011/02/the-end-of-the-bernardin-era. Retrieved 25 July 2017. 
  60. ↑ Staff Reporter (4 February 2016). "Archbishop Gomez: The Root Violence in Our Society Is the Violence Against the Most Vulnerable". National Catholic Register. http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/archbishop-gomez-the-root-violence-in-our-society-is-the-violence-against-t. 
  61. ↑ "Worthiness to Receive Holy Communion: General Principles | EWTN" (in en). https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/worthiness-to-receive-holy-communion-general-principles-2153. 
  62. ↑ Cardinal Bernardin's 'Consistent ethic of life' still divides Catholics 40 years later, America, 6 December 2023

Sources

  • Bernardin, Joseph (1988). Consistent ethics of life. Sheed and Ward. 
  • Byrnes, Timothy A. "The politics of the American Catholic hierarchy". Political Science Quarterly 108 (3): 497. 1993.
  • McClintock, Jamie S., and Perl, Paul. "The Catholic 'Consistent Life Ethic' and Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment and Welfare Reform." Sociology of Religion. 62(2001): 275–299
  • McCormick, Richard A. "The Quality of Life, the Sanctity of Life." The Hastings Center Report 8, No 1 (1978): 30–36.
  • McHugh, J. T. "Building a Culture of Life: A Catholic Perspective". Christian Bioethics, 2001 (Taylor & Francis)
  • Wallis, Jim. God's Politics, 2004.

Further reading

External links



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