Biology:Crocosmia

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Short description: Genus of flowering plants in the Iris family Iridaceae
Montbretia redirects here. Montbretia is also a synonym for the plant genus Tritonia.

Crocosmia
Iridaceae - Crocosmia aurea-1.JPG
Crocosmia aurea
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Crocoideae
Tribe: Freesieae
Genus: Crocosmia
Planch.
Type species
Crocosmia aurea
(Pappe ex Hook.f.) Planch.
Synonyms[1]
  • Crocanthus Klotzsch ex Klatt name published without description
  • Curtonus N.E.Br.

Crocosmia (/krəˈkɒzmiə, kroʊ-/;[2][3]), also known as montbretia[4] (/mɒnˈbriːʃə/[5]), is a small genus of flowering plants in the iris family, Iridaceae. It is native to the grasslands of southern and eastern Africa, ranging from South Africa to Sudan. One species is endemic to Madagascar .[1]

Description

Naturalized montbretia (escaped from its original garden location)

They can be evergreen or deciduous perennials that grow from basal underground corms. The alternate leaves are cauline and ensiform (sword shaped). The blades are parallel-veined. The margin is entire. The corms form in vertical chains with the youngest at the top and oldest and largest buried most deeply in the soil. The roots of the lowermost corm in a chain are contractile roots and drag the corm deeper into the ground where conditions allow. The chains of corms are fragile and easily separated, a quality that has enabled some species to become invasive and difficult to control in the garden.

They have colourful inflorescences of 4 to 20 vivid red and orange subopposite flowers on a divaricately (horizontally) branched stem. The terminal inflorescence can have the form of a cyme or a raceme. These flower from early summer well into fall. The flowers are sessile on a flexuose arched spike. The fertile flowers are hermaphroditic. All stamens have an equal length. The style branches are apically forked. They are pollinated by insects, birds (sunbirds) or by the wind. The dehiscent capsules are shorter than they are wide.

The genus name is derived from the Greek words krokos, meaning "saffron", and osme, meaning "odor" – from the dried leaves emitting a strong smell like that of saffron (a spice derived from Crocus – another genus belonging to the Iridaceae) – when immersed in hot water.[6]

The alternative name montbretia is still widely used, especially for the garden hybrid C. × crocosmiiflora.[7] "Montbretia" commonly used in the British Isles for orange-flowered C. × crocosmiiflora cultivars that have naturalised, while "crocosmia" is reserved for less aggressive red-flowered cultivars. Montebretia is a heterotypic synonym of the genus Tritonia in which some species of Crocosmia were once included. It was named by Alire Raffeneau Delile for Ernest Coquebert de Montbret (fr), a fellow French botanist on Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign.[8]

Species

Species accepted by World Checklist of Selected Plant Families[1]

  • Crocosmia ambongensis (H.Perrier) Goldblatt & J. C. Manning (af) – Madagascar
  • Crocosmia aurea (Pappe ex Hook.) Planch. (Falling Stars) – eastern + southern Africa from Cape Province to Sudan; naturalised in Azores
  • Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E.Br. - South Africa; naturalised in parts of Europe, Rwanda, Zaire, Assam, Norfolk Island in Australia, Fiji, the Caribbean, Argentina, Tristan da Cunha (C. aurea × C. pottsii)
  • Crocosmia fucata (Lindl.) M.P.de Vos – Kamiesberg Mountains in Cape Province of South Africa
  • Crocosmia masoniorum (L.Bolus) N.E.Br. (Giant montbretia) – Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal
  • Crocosmia mathewsiana (L.Bolus) Goldblatt ex M.P.de Vos – Drakensberg Mountains in Mpumalanga
  • Crocosmia paniculata (Klatt) Goldblatt (Aunt Eliza) – Lesotho, Eswatini, South Africa
  • Crocosmia pearsei Oberm. – Lesotho, Free State, Drakensberg Mountains in Mpumalanga
  • Crocosmia pottsii (Baker) N.E.Br. (Pott's montbretia) – Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal

Garden hybrids

Cultivation

Crocosmias are grown worldwide, and more than 400 cultivars have been produced. Some hybrids have become invasive, especially C. × crocosmiiflora hybrids, which are invasive in the UK,[10] Ireland,[11] Australia,[12] New Zealand,[13] [14][15] North Carolina,[16] and the West Coast of the United States.[17][18]

Crocosmia are winter-hardy in temperate regions. They can be propagated through division, removing offsets from the corm in spring.

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • Crocosmia 'Hellfire' [19]
  • Crocosmia 'Lucifer'[20]
  • Crocosmia masoniorum[21]
  • Crocosmia 'Paul's Best Yellow' [22]
  • Crocosmia 'Severn Sunrise'[23]
  • Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Babylon' [24]
  • Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Star of the East'[25]


Other cultivars include:

  • Crocosmia curtonus 'Lucifer', scarlet

Gallery

  • Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora corms in winter

  • Close-up of Crocosmia 'Lucifer' in bloom

  • Montbretia, south Manchester, England

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ "Crocosmia". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Crocosmia. 
  3. ↑ "Crocosmia". Crocosmia. Oxford University Press. http://www.lexico.com/definition/Crocosmia. 
  4. ↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. pp. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. 
  5. ↑ "Montbretia". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Montbretia. 
  6. ↑ Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 144–47. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6. 
  7. ↑ "How to Grow Crocosmias." BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. 20 April 2020. Accessed at GardenersWorld.com on 10 February 2023. "Crocosmias are also known as montbretia, although this tends to refer to the common species Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora."
  8. ↑ Diana Wells. 100 Flowers and How They Got Their Names. Algonquin Books, 1997. pp. 142-143. ISBN:9781565121386
  9. ↑ Missouri Botanical Gardens
  10. ↑ Montbretia Plantlife
  11. ↑ Wildly beautiful but caution should be taken with invasive plants Irish Examiner, 5 August 2017
  12. ↑ Weeds of Australia Queensland Government, 2016
  13. ↑ Common Weeds of New Zealand: Introduced and Invasive Species
  14. ↑ Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) CABI
  15. ↑ Weeds of New Zealand 2016
  16. ↑ Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora North Carolina State University
  17. ↑ Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora University of Georgia
  18. ↑ Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora California Invasive Plant Council
  19. ↑ "Crocosmia 'Hellfire'". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/269576/Crocosmia-Hellfire/Details. 
  20. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Crocosmia 'Lucifer'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91289/Crocosmia-Lucifer/Details. 
  21. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Crocosmia masoniorum". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/64207/Crocosmia-masoniorum/Details. 
  22. ↑ "Crocosmia 'Paul's Best Yellow'". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/269578/Crocosmia-Paul-s-Best-Yellow/Details. 
  23. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Crocosmia 'Severn Sunrise'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/79047/Crocosmia-Severn-Sunrise/Details. 
  24. ↑ "Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Babylon'". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/117804/Crocosmia-x-crocosmiiflora-Babylon/Details. 
  25. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Star of the East' '". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/118014/Crocosmia-x-crocosmiiflora-Star-of-the-East/Details. 

External links

  • De Vos, M. P. (1999) "Crocosmia". Flora of Southern Africa 7: 129–138.
  • Peter Goldblatt, John Manning, Gary Dunlop, Auriol Batten - Crocosmia and Chasmanthe (Royal Horticultural Society Plant Collector Guide)
  • Kostelijk, P.J. (1984) "Crocosmia in gardens". The Plantsman 5: 246–253.

Wikidata ☰ Q158670 entry



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