Biology:Dal

Short description: Dried, split pulses used for cooking

Dal

Lentils are a staple ingredient in cuisines from the Indian subcontinent. Clockwise from upper right: split red lentils, common green whole lentils, and Le Puy lentils. Whole lentils have their outer coats visible.
Alternative names	Daal, dail, dahl, pappu, ooti
Region or state	Indian subcontinent
Main ingredients	Lentils, peas or beans
Cookbook: Dal

In Indian cuisine, dal (also spelled daal or dhal in English; pronunciation: [d̪aːl], Hindi: दाल, Urdu: دال), paruppu (Tamil: பருப்பு), or pappu (Telugu: పప్పు) are dried, split pulses (e.g., lentils, peas, and beans) that do not require soaking before cooking. India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. The term is also used for various soups prepared from these pulses. These pulses are among the most important staple foods in South Asian countries, and form an important part of the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent.

Use

Dal or paruppu is the main ingredient of the Indian snack vada.

Dal tadka and naan

The most common way of preparing dal is in the form of a soup to which onions, tomatoes and various spices may be added. The outer hull may or may not be stripped off. Almost all types of dal come in three forms: (1) unhulled or sabut (meaning whole in Hindi), e.g., sabut urad dal or mung sabut; (2) split with hull left on the split halves is described as chilka (which means shell in Hindi), e.g. chilka urad dal, mung dal chilka; (3) split and hulled or dhuli (meaning washed), e.g., urad dhuli or mung dhuli in Hindi.

Dal is frequently eaten with flatbreads such as rotis or chapatis, or with rice. The latter combination is called dal bhat in Nepali, Bengali and Marathi. In addition, certain types of dal are fried and salted and eaten as a dry snack, and a variety of savory snacks are made by frying a paste made from soaked and ground dals in different combinations, to which other ingredients such as spices and nuts (commonly cashews) may be added.

Etymology

The word dāl (dal) derives from the Sanskrit verbal root dal- "to split", which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- “to split, divide”.

Use by region

Dal preparations are eaten with rice, chapati and naan on the Indian subcontinent. The manner in which it is cooked and presented varies by region. In South India, dal is often called "paruppu". It is primarily used to make a dish called sambar. It is also used to make paruppu that is mixed with charu and rice.

Nutrition

Dal tadka served with rice and papadam, a staple meal in the Indian subcontinent

Fire-toasted papads, using lentils as a major ingredient

Dhokla, a steamed, fermented chana dal snack using lentils

Cooked (boiled) dal contains 9% protein, 70% water, 20% carbohydrates (including 8% fiber), and 1% fat. It also supplies a rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamin, folate (45% DV) and manganese (25% DV), with moderate amounts of thiamine (11% DV) and several dietary minerals, such as iron (19% DV) and phosphorus (18% DV).

Split pigeon pea, commonly used in dal

Selected nutrients in grams per 100 g

Item	Water	Protein
Cooked rice	68.4	2.7
Cooked dal	68.5	11.9
Roti	33.5	11.5
Cooked soybean	62.5	16.6
Boiled egg	74.6	12.6
Cooked chicken	64.3	25.3

Nutrient contents in %DV of Dals, wheat and rice (Raw, Uncooked) per 100 g

		Vitamins													Minerals
Food	Protein	A	B1	B2	B3	B5	B6	B9	B12	Ch.	C	D	E	K	Ca	Fe	Mg	P	K	Na	Zn	Cu	Mn	Se
Cooking Reduction %		10	30	20	25		25	35	0	0	30				10	15	20	10	20	5	10	25
Rice	14	0	12	3	11	20	5	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	9	6	7	2	0	8	9	49	22
Wheat	27	0	28	7	34	19	21	11	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	20	36	51	12	0	28	28	151	128
Soybean	73	0	58	51	8	8	19	94	0	24	10	0	4	59	28	87	70	70	51	0	33	83	126	25
Toor Dal	43	1	43	11	15	13	13	114	0	0	0	0	0	0	13	29	46	37	40	1	18	53	90	12
Urad Dal	45	0	24	21	10	0	22	54	0	0	0	0	0	0	14	58	75	54	21	3	35	0	0	0
Mung Dal	43	0	54	19	15	38	29	156	0	0	6	0	3	9	13	52	53	52	27	0	28	0	49	0
Chana Dal	25	1	32	12	8	16	27	139	0	17	7	0	0	0	11	35	29	37	25	24	23	42	110	12

Note: All nutrient values including protein are in %DV per 100 grams of the food item. Significant values are highlighted in light gray color and bold letters. Cooking reduction = % Maximum typical reduction in nutrients due to boiling without draining for ovo-lacto-vegetables group.

Common ingredients

Idlis, steamed rice and black lentil (de-husked) cakes

• Pigeon pea, i.e., yellow pigeon pea, is available either plain or oily. It is called toor dal in Hindi. It is called thuvaram paruppu in Tamil Nadu, thuvara parippu in Kerala and is the main ingredient for the dish sambar. In Karnataka, it is called togari bele and is an important ingredient in bisi bele bath. It is called kandi pappu in Telugu and is used in the preparation of a staple dish pappu charu. It is also known as arhar dal in northern India.
• Chana dal is produced by removing the outer layer of black chickpeas and then splitting the kernel. Although machines can do this, it can be done at home by soaking the whole chickpeas and removing the loose skins by rubbing. In Karnataka it is called kadle bele. Other varieties of chickpea may be used, e.g., kabuli dal.

Plain dal served with roti, sauteed okra and green-mango pickle

• Yellow split peas are very prevalent in the Indian communities of Guyana, Fiji, Suriname, Jamaica, South Africa , Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, and are popular amongst Indians in the United States as well as India . There, it is referred to generically as dal and is the most popular dal. It is prepared similarly to dals found in India, but may be used in recipes. The whole dried pea is called matar or matar dal in India. The whole dried yellow pea is the main ingredient in the common Bengali street food ghugni.
• Split mung beans (mung dal) is by far the most popular in Bangladesh and West Bengal (moog dal, (মুগ ডাল)). It is used in parts of South India, such as in the Tamil dish ven pongal. Roasted and lightly salted or spiced mung bean is a popular snack in most parts of India.
• Urad dal, sometimes referred to as "black gram", is a primary ingredient of the south Indian dishes idli and dosa. It is one of the main ingredients of East Indian (Odia and Bengali or Assamese) bori, sun-dried dumplings. The Punjabi version is dal makhani. It is called uddina bele in Karnataka, biulir dal in Bengali. It is rich in protein.
• Masoor dal: split red lentils. In Karnataka, it is called kempu (red) togari bele.
• Rajma dal: split kidney beans.
• Mussyang is made from dals of various colours found in various hilly regions of Nepal.
• Panchratna dal (Hindi) ("five jewels") is a mixture of five varieties of dal, which produces a dish with a unique flavour.
• Moth Bean: is an Indian dal main ingredient for popular Indian snack bikaneri bhujia and Maharashtrian snacks misal and usal.
• Pulses may be split but not hulled; they are distinguished from hulled dals by adding the word chilka (skin).

Split and whole pulses

Split red lentil seeds (size 6 mm)

Although dal generally refers to split pulses, whole pulses can be referred to as sabut dhal and split pulses as dhuli dhal. The hulling of a pulse is intended to improve digestibility and palatability. It also affects the nutrition provided by the dish, significantly increasing protein and reducing dietary fibre content. Pulses with their outer hulls intact are also quite popular in the Indian subcontinent as the main cuisine. Over 50 different varieties of pulses are known in the Indian subcontinent.

Preparation

Dal tadka garnished with fried onion

Dal tadka and chapati

Most dal recipes are quite simple to prepare. The standard preparation begins with boiling a variety of dal (or a mix) in water with some turmeric, salt to taste, and then adding a fried garnish at the end of the cooking process. In some recipes, tomatoes, kokum, unripe mango, jaggery, or other ingredients are added while cooking the dal, often to impart a sweet-sour flavour.

The fried garnish for dal goes by many names, including chaunk, tadka/tarka, bagar, fodni, and phoran. The ingredients in the chaunk for each variety of dal vary by region and individual tastes. The raw spices (more commonly cumin seeds, mustard seeds, asafoetida, and sometimes fenugreek seeds and dried red chili pepper) are first fried for a few seconds in the hot oil on medium/low heat. This is generally followed by ginger, garlic, and onion, which are generally fried for 10 minutes. After the onion turns golden brown, ground spices (turmeric, coriander, red chili powder, garam masala, etc.) are added. The chaunk is then poured over the cooked dal.

See also

• Dal bhat
• Dal bati churma
• Dal biji
• Ezogelin soup
• Fasole bătută
• Lentil soup
• Monggo (Philippine version of dal)
• Pea soup

Further reading

• Salma Husain; Vijay Thukral (2018). Pull of Pulses: Full of Beans. Niyogi. ISBN 978-93-86906-19-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=fHKQtAEACAAJ.