Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu

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Short description: Wikipedia key to pronunciation

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-hns}}, {{IPA-hi}}, {{IPA-ur}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

Consonants
IPA[1] Hindi[1] ISO 15919 [1] Urdu Approximate English equivalent
b ब ba ب butter
bʱ भ bha بھ abhor
d[2] द da د the
dʱ ध dha دھ within (as a dhh sound, tongue touches palate, strong air exhalation)
dʒ ज ja ج jazz
dʒʱ झ jha جھ hedgehog (strong jhh sound)
ɖ[2] ड ḍa ڈ gourd
ɖʱ ढ ḍha ڈھ adhere
f फ़ fa ف food
ɡ ग ga گ green
ɡʱ घ gha گھ big headed
ɣ ग़ ġa غ similar to a French r (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [ɡ] (ग) in Hindi).
ɦ ह ha ح، ہ head
j य ya ی yak
k क ka ک sky
kʰ ख kha کھ car
l ल la ل leaf
m म ma م much
n न na ن not
ɳ ण ṇa ن burn (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
ɲ ञ ña نیْا roughly like canyon (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
ŋ ङ ṅa ن bank
p प pa پ sport
pʰ फ pha پھ pencil
q क़ qa ق quail (k in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [k] (क) in Hindi)
ɾ र ra ر American butter (r may be trilled[3])
r
ɽ ड़ ṛa ڑ garter (GA)
ɽʱ ढ़ ṛha ڑھ as [ɽ] plus h; somewhat as the US: warhead
s स sa ث، س، ص sue
ʂ ष ṣa ش/س shrimp
(mostly Hindi; Urdu uses either [ʃ] (ش) or [s] (س)).
ʃ श śa ش shoe
t[2] त ta ت، ط still
tʰ थ tha تھ tip
tʃ च ca چ catch
tʃʰ छ cha چھ choose
ʈ[2] ट ṭa ٹ carts
ʈʰ ठ ṭha ٹھ trip
ʋ[4] व va و varies between w and v
x ख़ k͟ha خ Scottish Loch (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [kʰ] (ख) in Hindi)
z ज़ za ذ، ز، ض، ظ zen
ʒ झ़ zha ژ pleasure
Vowels
IPA Hindi ISO 15919 Urdu Approximate English equivalent
aː आ, बा ā آ, بَا father
eː ए, बे ē اے، بے like play
ɛː ऐ, बै ai اَے، بَے scary
ə[5] अ, ब a اَ، بَ about
iː[6] ई, बी ī اِی، بِی feed
ɪ[6] इ, बि i اِ، بِ kid
oː ओ, बो ō او، بو story
ɔː औ, बौ au اَو، بَو long
uː[6] ऊ, बू ū اُو، بُو mood
ʊ[6] उ, बु u اُ، بُ wood
rɪ ऋ, बृ r̥ ری، بر (mostly Hindi, Urdu uses [r] (ر)).
◌̃ ँ, ं m̐ ـں nasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
Suprasegmentals
IPA Hindi ISO 15919 Urdu Approximate English equivalent
ˈ◌ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

See also

  • IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 In the letter series beginning with क, क = क् + अ; ka = k + a. Thus 'क' has the inherent vowel 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The halanta "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 /t/ and /d/ are pronounced as dental stops [t̪] and [d̪], with the tongue touching the teeth. The retroflex stops [ʈ] and ɖ] are pronounced as apical postalveolar stops, with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate.
  3. ↑ /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r], mostly as an allophone in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill, e.g. zarā [zəɾaː] (ज़रा – ذرا 'little') versus well-trilled zarrā [zəraː] (ज़र्रा – ذرّہ 'particle').
  4. ↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].
  5. ↑ /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i], [u] at the end of a word.



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