Biology:Deinacrida parva

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Short description: Species of orthopteran insect

Deinacrida parva
Deinacrida parva (1).jpg
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Ensifera
Family: Anostostomatidae
Genus: Deinacrida
Species:
D. parva
Binomial name
Deinacrida parva
Buller, 1895

Deinacrida parva is a species of insect in the family Anostostomatidae, the king crickets and weta. It is known commonly as the Kaikoura wētā[1] or Kaikoura giant wētā.[2] It was first described in 1894 from a male individual[3] then rediscovered in 1966 by Dr J.C. Watt at Lake Sedgemore in Upper Wairau.[4] It is endemic to New Zealand, where it can be found in the northern half of the South Island.[2]

This is a small to medium-sized robust wētā.[5] It is easily confused with Deinacrida rugosa.[2][6][7] Due to the rarity of this weta, there is still much to be learnt.[8]

Description

Deinacrida parva observed near Kaikōura

Deinacrida parva have a rounded brown body.[9] The females are larger than the males in this species of wētā, but the males have long legs suggesting scramble competition for mates.[10][11] The females have a large spike on the end of their body, this spike is called an ovipositor and is used for laying eggs.[12]

The Kaikoura giant wētā can grow up to around 100mm in size[12] and weigh up to 14.5 grams.[13] They have a life span of roughly two years.[4] This wētā, although very similar in appearance, is smaller in size than D. rugosa and is a brown colour[10] with darker colouring under the abdomen.[9] Red or pink coloration can also be present on the border of the thoracic shield.[2] A major identification of the Kaikoura Wētā is by counting the six spines present on the lower hind leg.[2]

The taxonomic status of D.parva and D. rugosa were investigated.[2] These two are species are morphologically similar and phylogenetically sister species.[14]

Habitat and distribution

Deinacrida parva are found in many different terrestrial environments[15] but most commonly under large logs on river flats and scrub areas close to the edges of the forests.[2] Large proportions of individuals are found under Mataī logs.[8] Their preference for living close to water ways has resulted in the drowning of some individuals, although this might be linked to infection by internal parasites.[13]

D. parva are found between 150 and 1500m above sea level from South Marlborough to Hanmer Springs.[2] These weta are considered subalpine specialists.[16] They are most common surrounding Hapuku and Kowhai river close to Kaikōura (hence the name of these wētā).[2]

It is suspected they now occupy less than 10% of their former range.[17]

Diet

Deinacrida parva are herbivorous and feed mainly on the leaves of trees and shrubs.[18] Females of this species have been known to eat carcasses of dead or dying insects for extra protein during breeding season for egg development.[8]

Behaviour

This weta, like many of the other weta in New Zealand, is nocturnal.[19]

D. parva are able to produce sounds by rubbing tergite spines and hair sensilla together (located on their abdominal plates).[5] The sounds are normally produced during contraction of the abdomen and often in time with a defensive leg kick as a warning.[5] This is called the tergo-tergal mechanism.[5] The sounds produced are a soft hiss and often fall within ultrasonic frequencies.[5]

Using hair sensilla for sound production is a rare occurrence in arthropods and a potential explanation for why it has occurred in this species is that it has evolved under predation pressure by the endemic short-tailed bat in New Zealand.[5] There are no current evidence that the sounds produced are for intraspecific communication but it has not been researched extensively.[5]

Breeding

D. parva have been breed in captivity.[2] But due to wētā being captured at different ages and conditions, breeding pairs were hard to establish.[4] Young wētā come to sexual maturity successfully in captivity but some fail to lay eggs.[8] Females lay eggs in the soil with an ovipositor.[12]

Conservation

Populations in some parts have declined to a few individuals.[2] Many of the die-offs have been in the large populations close to Kaikoura.[2] Even though there has been a die off the population is considered to be stable.[17]

A major reason for decline is likely due to habitat clearance and predation by pests.[2] The changes in the natural habitat of D. parva has affected the chances of future survival in many of the smaller recorded populations.[2] Many of their original habitats have been cleared for pasture.[4] The die-offs could be associated with the Gordian worm parasite.[2] But the full impact of the parasite is unknown and still requires further research.[8] D. parva that become hosts for the Gordian worm parasite have been shown to have lowered reproductive capabilities.[8]

Further population surveys and full distribution research needs to be conducted for further information.[8] Although that has been difficult due to low population numbers, thick vegetation and uneven grounds.[8] Searching for these weta in the fallen logs (where they are most likely to be found) also damages and degrades the logs quicker and leaves less available habitats for them.[4] It has been proposed that they should be bred and then released on predator-free islands.[8] Mainland habitat management has also been suggested as a conservation plan.[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Deinacrida parva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T6308A12602589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6308A12602589.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6308/12602589. Retrieved 16 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Threatened Weta Recovery Plan. New Zealand Department of Conservation. December 1998.
  3. ↑ Ramsay, G. W. (1971). "Rediscovery of Sir Walter Buller's Weta,Deinacrida Parva(Orthoptera : Gryllacridoidea : Henicidae)" (in en). New Zealand Entomologist 5 (1): 52–53. doi:10.1080/00779962.1971.9722956. ISSN 0077-9962. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Meads, M.J. (1987). The giant weta (Deinacrida parva) at Puhi Puhi, Kaikoura: present status and strategy for saving the species. Lower Hutt, NZ: Ecology Division, DSIR. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Field, Laurence H; Roberts, Kelly L (2003). "Novel use of hair sensilla in acoustic stridulation by New Zealand giant wetas (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)" (in en). Arthropod Structure & Development 31 (4): 287–296. doi:10.1016/S1467-8039(03)00005-7. PMID 18088987. 
  6. ↑ Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2004). "Phylogenetics of New Zealand's tree, giant and tusked weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): evidence from mitochondrial DNA". Journal of Orthoptera Research 13 (2): 185–196. doi:10.1665/1082-6467(2004)013[0185:ponztg2.0.co;2]. ISSN 1082-6467. 
  7. ↑ Morgan-Richards, Mary; Gibbs, George W. (2001). "A phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand giant and tree weta (Orthoptera : Anostostomatidae : Deinacrida and Hemideina) using morphological and genetic characters". Invertebrate Systematics 15 (1): 1. doi:10.1071/it99022. ISSN 1445-5226. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Meads, Michael John (1989). An evaluation of the conservation status of the giant weta (Deinacrida parva) at Kaikoura. Lower Hutt, NZ: Ecology Division, DSIR. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Deinacrida parva. sp. nov | NZETC". http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout73-t12-body-d8-d3.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Gibbs, G. W. (1999). "Four new species of giant weta, Deinacrida (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae: Deinacridinae) from New Zealand." (in en). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29 (4): 307–324. doi:10.1080/03014223.1999.9517600. ISSN 0303-6758. 
  11. ↑ Kelly, Clint D.; Bussière, Luc F.; Gwynne, Darryl T. (2008-09-01). "Sexual Selection for Male Mobility in a Giant Insect with Female‐Biased Size Dimorphism.". The American Naturalist 172 (3): 417–423. doi:10.1086/589894. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 18651830. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Hitchhiking giant wētā" (in en-US). https://otagomuseum.nz/blog/giant-weta-hitches-a-ride/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 The biology of wetas, king crickets and their allies. Field, L. H. (Laurence H.). Wallingford, Oxon., UK: CABI Pub. 2001. ISBN 978-0-85199-408-6. OCLC 559432458. 
  14. ↑ Twort, Victoria G; Newcomb, Richard D; Buckley, Thomas R (2019-04-01). Bryant, David. ed. "New Zealand Tree and Giant Wētā (Orthoptera) Transcriptomics Reveal Divergent Selection Patterns in Metabolic Loci" (in en). Genome Biology and Evolution 11 (4): 1293–1306. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz070. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 30957857. 
  15. ↑ Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2005). "After the Deluge: Mitochondrial DNA Indicates Miocene Radiation and Pliocene Adaptation of Tree and Giant Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)". Journal of Biogeography 32 (2): 295–309. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01179.x. ISSN 0305-0270. 
  16. ↑ "Northern part of New Zealand's South Island | Ecoregions | WWF" (in en). https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa0408. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "NZTCS". https://nztcs.org.nz/assessments/38754?fbclid=IwAR3sMvrcLhF05w5b1dGkpzO4ow0YIPSrk22P6gw2_Cs8MUpL4q1XYORMVgE. 
  18. ↑ Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2004). "Phylogenetics of New Zealand's Tree, Giant and Tusked Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): Evidence from Mitochondrial DNA". Journal of Orthoptera Research 13 (2): 185–196. doi:10.1665/1082-6467(2004)013[0185:PONZTG2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 1082-6467. 
  19. ↑ "TerraNature | New Zealand Ecology - weta". http://www.terranature.org/weta.htm. 

Wikidata ☰ Q1316440 entry




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