Biology:Dilleniaceae
| Dilleniaceae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Hibbertia stellaris | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Dilleniales |
| Family: | Dilleniaceae Salisb.[1] |
| Genera | |
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APG II system recognizes the following genera: | |
Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species.[2] Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists.[not verified in body] It is known to gardeners for the genus Hibbertia, which contains many commercially valuable garden species.
Description and distribution
The family is found in the tropics and subtropics plus all of Australia .[citation needed] Most of the members in it are woody plants - lianas or trees such as Dillenia - but herbaceous species such as Hibbertia are also present in Dilleniaceae. The leaves of the plants in the family are wide and well-developed,[definition needed] but in certain species of Hibbertia they are strongly modified. The flowers are mainly showy and colorful with visible reproductive components. Buzz pollination is common in the group.[3] Fruits of some species, such as Dillenia indica (elephant apple), are edible.[citation needed]
Taxonomy and phylogeny
thumb|left|Dillenia suffruticosa'' The position of the family in the phylogenetic tree and its classification among the other eudicots is uncertain.[4] Some studies suggested that Dilleniaceae may be sister to Rhabdodendraceae a clade that was thought to be sister to all the rest Caryophyllales. The caryophyllid Rhabdodendron and the members in the family with the questionable placement in fact share some morphological characteristics, but it has been found that Rhabdodendraceae is actually sister only to the core members of its order.
Another possible situation places Dilleniaceae as an ancient group, sister to the superrosidae clade (the family shares some common morphology with Vitales) but this is not absolutely proven.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, unplaced as to order, assigned to the clade core eudicots.
APG II debates either including it in order Caryophyllales or reinstating the order Dilleniales for just this one family, but decides to leave it unplaced.
Evolution
The family is remarkable because of its variability of morphological characteristics that now are much steadier in other Angiosperm groups.[citation needed] Thus, Dilleniaceae may be an ancient clade that expresses some phylogenetic relation between the higher Eudicots and the rather more primitive groups.[5]
It is estimated that the clade diverged around 115 million years ago in the Mid Cretaceous, but the crown group was formed much later - only 52 million years before the present.[6]
References
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
- ↑ Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Byng, J.W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598.
- ↑ Endress, Peter K. (1997). "Relationships between floral organization, architecture, and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution 206 (1–4): 99–118. doi:10.1007/BF00987943.
- ↑ Moore, M. J.; Soltis, P. S.; Bell, C. D.; Burleigh, J. G.; Soltis, D. E. (2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (10): 4623–4628. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907801107. PMID 20176954.
- ↑ Horn, James W. (2009). "Phylogenetics of Dilleniaceae Using Sequence Data from Four Plastid Loci (rbcL, infA, rps4, rpl16 Intron)". International Journal of Plant Sciences 170 (6): 794–813. doi:10.1086/599239. http://www.mendeley.com/research/phylogenetics-dilleniaceae-using-sequence-data-four-plastid-loci-rbcl-infa-rps4-rpl16-intron/#page-1.
- ↑ "Dilleniales". http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/dillenialesweb.html.
External links
- Dilleniaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 3 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/.
- at the University of Hawaii
- links at CSDL
Wikidata ☰ Q756019 entry
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