Biology:Dinohippus

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Dinohippus (from Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós), meaning "terrible", and ἵππος (híppos), meaning "horse")[1] is an extinct equid which was endemic to North America from the late Hemphillian stage of the Miocene through the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene (10.3—3.6 mya) and in existence for approximately 6.7 million years.[2][3] Fossils are widespread throughout North America, being found at more than 30 sites from Florida to Alberta and from Mexico all the way down to Panama (Alajuela Formation).[4][5][6][7][8] The majority of fossils of Dinohippus have been unearthed in the Western United States in Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and California.[9][10][11]

Taxonomy

Skull

Quinn originally referred "Pliohippus" mexicanus to Dinohippus, but unpublished cladistic results in an SVP 2018 conference abstract suggest that mexicanus is instead more closely related to extant horses than to Dinohippus.[12][13]

Description

Dinohippus was the most common horse in North America and like Equus, it did not have a dished face (i.e. the head profile did not have a concave section). It has a distinctive passive "stay apparatus" formed from bones and tendons to help it conserve energy while standing for long periods. Dinohippus was the first horse to show a rudimentary form of this character, providing additional evidence of the close relationship between Dinohippus and Equus.[14][15][16][17] Dinohippus was originally thought to be a monodactyl horse, but a 1981 fossil find in Nebraska shows that some were tridactyl.[18] The species D. leidyanus had an estimated body mass of approximately 200 kilograms (440 lb).[19]

Diet

D. mexicanus fed primarily on C3 plants in rainforest clearings based on paired carbon and oxygen isotope analysis.[20][21][22]

Foot bones

References

  1. ↑ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary. 
  2. ↑ Paleobiology Database: Dinohippus basic info.
  3. ↑ Bruce J. MacFadden: Cenozoic Mammalian Herbivores from the Americas: Reconstructing Ancient Diets and Terrestrial Communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 31, (2000), pp. 33-59
  4. ↑ Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar (2019-05-21). "Dinohippus mexicanus (Early-Late, Late, and Latest Hemphillian) and the Transition to Genus Equus, in Central Mexico Faunas" (in English). Frontiers in Earth Science 7: 89. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00089. ISSN 2296-6463. Bibcode: 2019FrEaS...7...89C. 
  5. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1984-10-01). "Astrohippus and Dinohippus from the Yepómera local fauna (Hemphillian, Mexico) and implications for the phylogeny of one-toed horses". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4 (2): 273–283. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012009. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 1984JVPal...4..273M. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1984.10012009. 
  6. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (March 1986). "Late Hemphillian monodactyl horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Bone Valley Formation of central Florida" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 60 (2): 466–475. doi:10.1017/S0022336000021995. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1986JPal...60..466M. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/late-hemphillian-monodactyl-horses-mammalia-equidae-from-the-bone-valley-formation-of-central-florida/83EE754FA26CFE4F78222749C7D1A91C. 
  7. ↑ Killingsworth, Stephanie R.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (May 2024). "Species occurrences of Mio-Pliocene horses (Equidae) from Florida: sampling, ecology, or both?" (in en). Paleobiology 50 (2): 364–375. doi:10.1017/pab.2023.35. ISSN 0094-8373. Bibcode: 2024Pbio...50..364K. 
  8. ↑ Mooser, O. (1973). "Pliocene Horses of the Ocote Local Fauna, Central Plateau of Mexico". The Southwestern Naturalist 18 (3): 257–268. doi:10.2307/3669741. ISSN 0038-4909. Bibcode: 1973SWNat..18..257M. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3669741. 
  9. ↑ Kelly, Thomas S. (January 1998). "New Miocene mammalian faunas from west central Nevada" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 72 (1): 137–149. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024070. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1998JPal...72..137K. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-miocene-mammalian-faunas-from-west-central-nevada/D103C4D408FB7A18F29DC48C351D8D44. 
  10. ↑ Mooser, O. (1973). "Pliocene Horses of the Ocote Local Fauna, Central Plateau of Mexico". The Southwestern Naturalist 18 (3): 257–268. doi:10.2307/3669741. ISSN 0038-4909. Bibcode: 1973SWNat..18..257M. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3669741. 
  11. ↑ Nelson, Michael E.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Madsen, James H.; Stokes, William Lee (1984). "Late Miocene Horse from Northcentral Utah and Comments on the Salt Lake Group". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 87 (1/2): 53–58. doi:10.2307/3627764. ISSN 0022-8443. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3627764. 
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Annual-Meeting-Home/SVP-2018-program-book-V4-FINAL-with-covers.aspx. 
  13. ↑ Quinn, James Harrison (1955-08-15). "Miocene Equidae of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain". Bureau of Economic Geology. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/b62ed70b-3946-4549-aa00-429bbec3ac1e. 
  14. ↑ Florida Museum of Natural History
  15. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (October 1986). "Fossil horses from "Eohippus" (Hyracotherium) to Equus: scaling, Cope's Law, and the evolution of body size" (in en). Paleobiology 12 (4): 355–369. doi:10.1017/S0094837300003109. ISSN 0094-8373. Bibcode: 1986Pbio...12..355M. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/fossil-horses-from-eohippus-hyracotherium-to-equus-scaling-copes-law-and-the-evolution-of-body-size/9965A8A02408FBECB70D012A54930EA2. 
  16. ↑ Dalquest, Walter W. (1978). "Phylogeny of American horses of Blancan and Pleistocene age". Annales Zoologici Fennici 15 (3): 191–199. ISSN 0003-455X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23733684. 
  17. ↑ Azzaroli, A. (1991). "Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill". Annales Zoologici Fennici 28 (3/4): 151–163. ISSN 0003-455X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23735441. 
  18. ↑ "Horse Ecology". http://www.ecology.info/horses.htm. 
  19. ↑ M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist. 2006. Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates: a study on the use of multiple regression. Journal of Zoology
  20. ↑ Perez-Crespo, V. A.; Laurito, C. A.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Valerio, A. L.; Morales-Puente, P.; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, E.; Otero, F. J. (2018). "Feeding habits and habitat of herbivorous mammals from the Early–Late Hemphillian (Miocene) of Costa Rica" (in EN). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (4): 645–652. doi:10.4202/app.00517.2018. ISSN 0567-7920. 
  21. ↑ Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Morales-Puente, Pedro; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J. (2017-04-01). "Diet and habitat of unique individuals of Dinohippus mexicanus and Neohipparion eurystyle (Equidae) from the late Hemphillian (Hh3) of Guanajuato and Jalisco, central Mexico: stable isotope studies". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 34 (1): 38. doi:10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470. ISSN 2007-2902. Bibcode: 2017RMxCG..34...38P. 
  22. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (2008-08-27). "Geographic variation in diets of ancient populations of 5-million-year-old (early Pliocene) horses from southern North America". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Investigating climates, environments and biology using stable isotopes 266 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.019. ISSN 0031-0182. Bibcode: 2008PPP...266...83M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018208002319. 

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