Biology:Echinacea purpurea

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Short description: Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea purpurea Grandview Prairie.jpg
At a prairie preserve in southwest Arkansas
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Echinacea
Species:
E. purpurea
Binomial name
Echinacea purpurea
Synonyms[1]
  • Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britton
  • Echinacea intermedia Lindl. ex Paxton
  • Echinacea speciosa (Wender.) Paxton
  • Helichroa purpurea (L.) Raf.
  • Rudbeckia purpurea L.

Echinacea purpurea, the eastern purple coneflower,[2] purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or echinacea, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.[3] It is native to parts of eastern North America[4] and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks and in the Mississippi/Ohio Valley.[5][6] Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies and barrens.

Taxonomy

Echinacea is derived from Greek, meaning 'spiny one', in reference to the spiny sea urchins 'εχίνοι' which the ripe flower heads of species of this genus resemble. The epithet purpurea means 'reddish-purple'.[7] Originally named Rudbeckia purpurea by Linnaeus in 1753 in Species plantarum 6, it was reclassified in 1794 by Conrad Moench, in a new genus named Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. In 1818, Thomas Nuttall describes a new variety that he named Rudbeckia purpurea var. serotina. Just two decades later, De Candolle raised him to the rank of species of the other genus Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) DC. (1836).[8] In 2002, Binns et al. discovered a misapplication of the name Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench for the taxon correctly named Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) DC. in 1836. The authors proposed to retain the names not to cause confusion among gardeners and herbalists.[9] Other names include: Broad-leaved purple coneflower, Eastern Purple Coneflower, Hedgehog Coneflower, Echinacea.

Description

Echinacea purpurea is an herbaceous perennial up to 120 cm (47 in) tall by 25 cm (10 in) wide at maturity. Depending on the climate, it blooms throughout summer into autumn. Its cone-shaped flowering heads are usually, but not always, purple in the wild. Its individual flowers (florets) within the flower head are hermaphroditic, having both male and female organs in each flower. It is pollinated by butterflies and bees. The alternate leaves, borne by a petiole from 0 to 17 cm, are oval to lanceolate, 5-30 x 5-12 cm; the margin is tightened to toothed.

The inflorescence is a capitulum, 7 to 15 cm in diameter, formed by a prominent domed central protuberance consisting of multiple small yellow florets. These are surrounded by a ring of pink or purple ligulate florets. The tubular florets are hermaphrodite while the ligular florets are sterile. The involucral bracts are linear to lanceolate. The plant prefers well-drained soils in full sun.[2] The fruit is an achene, sought after by birds.

  • Close-up showing many individual flowers comprise the flowerhead

  • In cultivation

  • Dried spines

Cultivation

Plants raised outdoors

Echinacea purpurea is grown as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is ideal for curbs, walkways or beds. The flowers can also go into the composition of fresh bouquets. Numerous cultivars have been developed for flower quality and plant form.[3] The plant grows in sun or light shade.[10] It thrives in either dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought once established. The cultivars 'Ruby Giant'[11] and 'Elbrook'[12] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[13]

Propagation

Echinacea purpurea is propagated either vegetatively or from seeds.[4] Useful vegetative techniques include division, root cuttings, and basal cuttings. Clumps can be divided, or broken into smaller bunches, which is normally done in the spring or autumn. Cuttings made from roots that are "pencil-sized" will develop into plants when started in late autumn or early winter.[3] Cuttings of basal shoots in the spring may be rooted when treated with rooting hormones, such as IBA at 1000 ppm.[14]

Seed germination occurs best with daily temperature fluctuations[4] or after stratification,[15] which help to end dormancy. Seeds may be started indoors in advance of the growing season or outdoors after the growing season has started.

Ecology

Many pollinators are attracted to E. purpea. Bees that are attracted to the flowers include bumblebees, sweat bees, honey bees, the sunflower leafcutter bee, and the mining bee Andrena helianthiformis. Butterflies that visit include monarchs, swallowtail butterflies, and sulphur butterflies.[16] Birds, particularly finches, eat the seeds and disperse them through their droppings.[17]

Slugs[4] and rabbits will also eat the foliage when young, or shortly after emerging in the spring.[18] Additionally, roots can be damaged and eaten by gophers.[5]

Chemistry

Echinacea purpurea contains alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins.[19] Nicotiflorin is the dominant flavonoid in E. purpurea, followed by the flavonoid rutin.[20]

Traditional medicine

Native Americans used the plant as traditional medicine to treat many ailments.[21]

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Eastern purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus. 591. 1794.". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220004561. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Zimmerman, Bruce. "Echinacea: Not always a purple coneflower.". Gardening. http://www.brucezimmerman.com/ARTICLES/ECHINACEA.htm. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Echinacea purpurea - (L.)Moench.". Plants For A Future. June 2004. http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Echinacea+purpurea. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (eastern purple coneflower)". PLANTS Profile. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ECPU. 
  6. ↑ "2014 county distribution map of Echinacea purpurea". The Biota of North America Program. http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Echinacea%20purpurea.png. 
  7. ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. pp. 149, 321. ISBN 9780521866453. https://archive.org/details/namesplants00gled_746. 
  8. ↑ "Popularity, Diversity and Quality of Echinacea". Echinacea: The genus Echinacea. CRC Press. 2014. 
  9. ↑ Echinacea: The genus Echinacea. CRC Press. 2014. 
  10. ↑ Midgley, Jan W. (1999). Southeastern Wildflowers: Your complete guide to plant communities, identification, and traditional uses. Crane Hill Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57587-106-6. 
  11. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Echinacea purpurea 'Ruby Giant'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/175792/Echinacea-purpurea-Ruby-Giant/Details. 
  12. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Echinacea 'Elbrook'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/179552/Echinacea-purpurea-Elton-Knight-Elbrook-(PBR)/Details. 
  13. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental". Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 33. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Carey, Dennis; Avent, Tony. "Echinacea Explosion - The Purple Coneflower Chronicles". Plant Delights Nursery. http://www.plantdelights.com/Article/Echinacea-Coneflower. 
  15. ↑ USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Eastern Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)
  16. ↑ The Xerxes Society (2016). 100 Plants to Feed the Bees. Storey Publishing. pp. 87. ISBN 978-1-61212-886-3. 
  17. ↑ "Echinacea purpurea". http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/stiefel_bran/interactions.htm. 
  18. ↑ "Echinacea – How To Grow Purple Coneflower". 2018-09-16. https://growitbuildit.com/2018/09/16/echinacea-how-to-grow-purple-coneflower/. 
  19. ↑ "Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods". Pharmacognosy Reviews 9 (17): 63–72. 2015. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.156353. PMID 26009695. 
  20. ↑ Kurkin, V. A.; Akushskaya, A. S.; Avdeeva, E. V.; Velmyaikina, E. I.; Daeva, E. D.; Kadentsev, V. I. (2011-12-01). "Flavonoids from Echinacea purpurea" (in en). Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 37 (7): 905–906. doi:10.1134/S1068162011070120. ISSN 1608-330X. 
  21. ↑ "Echinacea". Drugs.com. 8 April 2021. https://www.drugs.com/npp/echinacea.html. 

Wikidata ☰ Q272661 entry



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