Biology:Epilobium ciliatum
| Epilobium ciliatum | |
|---|---|
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| Epilobium ciliatum subsp. watsonii | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | Epilobium |
| Species: | E. ciliatum
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| Binomial name | |
| Epilobium ciliatum Raf.
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| Subspecies[1] | |
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| Synonyms[2][3][4] | |
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List
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Epilobium ciliatum, known by the common names fringed willowherb,[5] American willowherb,[6] slender willow herb, and northern willow herb is a species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae. This species is native to much of North America, southern South America, and East Asia. It is an introduced species in much of Eurasia and Australia.[7]
This perennial herbaceous plant usually occurs in wetlands, but may be found in a great variety of habitats, including disturbed areas and roadsides, at elevations below 1,400 metres (4,600 ft).[7]
Description
Epilobium ciliatum is a clumping perennial often exceeding 1.5 metres (5 ft) in height. It has thickly veined lance-shaped leaves which may be up to 15 centimeters long toward the base of the plant. The foliage, stem, and inflorescence are covered in bristly hairs and glands.[8]
There are four sepals. The regular, trumpet-shaped flowers have four petals which are so deeply notched they look like four pairs. They are white to light purple or pink with dark veining.[8] There are eight stamens and a club-shaped stigma. The fruit is a narrow, hairy, four-chambered capsule up to 10 centimeters in length which may be held on a long stalk. The seeds are downy and can float for long distances with the wind.[9]
Subspecies
Three subspecies are currently recognized:
- Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum [10][11]
- Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum — (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H.Raven [12][13]
- Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii — (Barbey) Hoch & P.H.Raven[14][15]
Taxonomy
Epilobium ciliatum may be a cryptic species complex. The Rocky Mountain Willowherb (Epilobium saximontanum) is sometimes included as yet another subspecies.
The three currently recognized subspecies may each constitute a distinct species. If so, E. ciliatum ssp. watsonii would perhaps use the name E. adenocaulon and include those populations, while E. ciliatum ssp. glandulosum would perhaps use the name E. bergianum and include those populations. The others named E. ciliatum ssp. ciliatum populations would remain.
Distribution and habitat
Epilobium ciliatum is native to the southern part of Canada and most of the United States of America. It is a plant of moist places, stream-sides, ditches, ponds, gardens, roadsides, recently cleared areas and wasteland.[9]
Invasiveness
It arrived in northern Europe early in the 20th century and spread rapidly, reaching Finland in about 1920.[9] It reached Slovenia by 1993 and Zagorje, Croatia by 2001. In Europe, Epilobium ciliatum competes with and is often found together with Epilobium roseum, which prefers a similar habitat.[16]
References
- ↑ "Epilobium ciliatum Raf." (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/611725-1.
- ↑ "Epilobium ciliatum subsp. ciliatum" (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/77253833-1.
- ↑ "Epilobium ciliatum subsp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H.Raven" (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/92463-2.
- ↑ "Epilobium ciliatum subsp. watsonii (Barbey) Hoch & P.H.Raven" (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/92464-2.
- ↑ "Epilobium ciliatum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=EPCI. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
- ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 27 June 2016
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Jepson Flora Project:Onagraceae". http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5263,5410,5417. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Northern Willow Herb, Epilobium ciliatum". https://calscape.org/Epilobium-ciliatum-().
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "American Willowherb". NatureGate. http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/american-willowherb. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
- ↑ Jepson: Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum
- ↑ USDA: Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum
- ↑ Jepson: Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum
- ↑ USDA: Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum
- ↑ Jepson: Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii
- ↑ USDA:Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii
- ↑ Strgulc Krajšek, Šegedin & Jogan 2009, p. 164.
Bibliography
- Strgulc Krajšek, Sumona; Šegedin, Tamara; Jogan, Nejc (2009-06-30). "Revision of Epilobium and Chamerion in the Croatian herbaria ZA and ZAHO". Natura Croatica 18 (1): 155–167. https://hrcak.srce.hr/38479.
External links
- Jepson Manual Treatment for Epilobium ciliatum
- CalFlora database — Epilobium ciliatum (Slender Willow herb)
- Epilobium ciliatum — Photo gallery
Wikidata ☰ Q164151 entry
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