Biology:Eriocapitella
Eriocapitella | |
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Eriocapitella hupehensis (Sichuan, China ) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Ranunculales |
Family: | Ranunculaceae |
Subfamily: | Ranunculoideae |
Tribe: | Anemoneae |
Genus: | Eriocapitella Nakai |
Eriocapitella is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are native to Asia.[1] The generic name Eriocapitella roughly translates to "growing in a small woolly head", which refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some members of the genus. Cultivated plants are commonly known as fall-blooming anemones.[2][3]
Taxonomy
Eriocapitella was named by the Japan ese botanist Takenoshin Nakai in 1941.[4] It was proposed as a section of genus Anemone in 1991,[5] but later segregated into genus Eriocapitella.
Taxa
(As of December 2020), Kew's Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts 6 species in the genus Eriocapitella:[1]
An artificial hybrid is also recognized by POWO:[6]
- Eriocapitella × hybrida (L.H.Bailey) Christenh. & Byng
- Basionym: Anemone japonica var. hybrida L.H.Bailey
- Synonym: Anemone × hybrida Paxton
The parents of the hybrid are E. japonica and E. vitifolia. Historically, the hybrid was developed in Europe after E. japonica was brought to England in 1843.[3]
Etymology
The Latin word capitellatus (or capitellata) means "growing in a small head".[7] Since the prefix erio- (from the Greek ἔριον) means "woolly" (or "wool"),[8] the generic name Eriocapitella translates to "growing in a small woolly head". Presumably this refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some of the taxa in the genus.
Distribution
Plants of genus Eriocapitella are native to Asia. They are found throughout the Himalaya region, across much of East Asia and Southeast Asia, ranging as far south as Sumatra.[1]
- Western Himalaya: Afghanistan, Pakistan , India
- Eastern Himalaya: Nepal, Assam (northeast India), Tibet, Qinghai (northwest China)
- East and Southeast Asia: China , Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar
- South Asia: Sri Lanka
Plants of the genus have been introduced to Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, Germany , Japan , Korea, and elsewhere.[1]
Cultivation
Plants of genus Eriocapitella have been cultivated since at least the 17th century, probably as far back as the Chinese Tang dynasty (618–907). During that time, a form of E. hupehensis with smaller, semi-double flowers and pink sepals escaped cultivation and spread across China to Japan and Korea. This form of E. hupehensis, brought to England from China by the plant explorer Robert Fortune in 1843, became known as the Japanese anemone (E. japonica). European horticulturists crossed the Japanese anemone with E. vitifolia, a wide-ranging Asian species with white sepals. Today we find a large number of Japanese anemone hybrids (E. × hybrida) with single, semi-double, or double flowers having white, pink, or purple sepals.[3][2][9]
Fall-blooming anemones usually have white or pink blossoms with a globe-shaped seed head. Newly opened blossoms mingle with the seed heads for several weeks between late July and October. The plants thrive in light to partial shade but will tolerate full sun as long as there’s sufficient moisture. Overly wet conditions should be avoided, and mulch should be applied in the fall, especially in northern climates. Japanese beetles, black blister beetles, and foliar nematodes can be a problem.[3]
At the Chicago Botanic Garden, Rudy experimented with 26 cultivars of fall-blooming anemones over a 5-year period beginning in 1998. The experiments evaluated various cultivars of E. hupehensis, E. × hybrida, E. japonica, and E. tomentosa. About 40% of the cultivars had a bloom length of 50 days or more. The longest bloom length recorded was 65 days.[2]
Cultivar | Flower color | Flower form | Height | Width | Bloom period | Bloom length | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance'[10] | pale purple | single | 27 in. | 40 in. | mid Sep-early Nov | 45.2 days | Hadspen Garden, Sommerset, England |
E. hupehensis 'Praecox'[11] | pink | single | 50 in. | 33 in. | late Jul-early Oct | 51.8 days | Germany, 1935 |
E. hupehensis 'Superba'[12] | lavender pink | semi-double | 26 in. | 29 in. | early Sep-early Nov | 47.2 days | |
E. × hybrida 'Alba'[13] | white | single | mid Sep-late Oct | 24.0 days | |||
E. × hybrida 'Alice'[14] | pale pink | semi-double | 32 in. | 37 in. | mid Sep-early Nov | 53.5 days | W. Pfitzer, Germany |
E. × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson'[15] | white | single to semi-double | 35 in. | 20 in. | late Aug-mid Nov | 64.7 days | |
E. × hybrida 'Avalanche' | white | double | mid Aug-late Oct | 37.0 days | |||
E. × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert'[16] | white | single to semi-double | 40 in. | 33 in. | mid Sep-mid Nov | 45.8 days | France, 1858 |
E. × hybrida 'Königin Charlotte'[17] | pale pink | semi-double | 36 in. | 31 in. | late Sep-early Nov | 25.4 days | W. Pfitzer, Germany, 1898 |
E. × hybrida 'Kriemhilde'[18] | pink | single to semi-double | 30 in. | 19 in. | late Aug-early Nov | 56.0 days | Germany, 1908 |
E. × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour'[19] | pale pink | single | late Sep-late Oct | 16.0 days | France | ||
E. × hybrida 'Loreley'[20] | pink | semi-double | 0.0 days | ||||
E. × hybrida 'Margarete'[21] | deep pink | semi-double | 22 in. | 30 in. | late Aug-early Nov | 49.3 days | Germany |
E. × hybrida 'Max Vogel'[22] | pink | semi-double | 43 in. | 35 in. | mid Aug-early Nov | 62.5 days | |
E. × hybrida 'Montrose'[23] | pale purple | double | 27 in. | 30 in. | mid Sep-early Nov | 43.5 days | France |
E. × hybrida 'Richard Ahrens'[24] | pink | single to semi-double | 27 in. | 31 in. | mid Sep-late Oct | 48.7 days | W. Pfitzer, Germany, 1921 |
E. × hybrida 'Robustissima'[25] | pink | single | 41 in. | 40 in. | late Aug-mid Nov | 63.0 days | France, 1900 |
E. × hybrida 'September Charm'[26] | pale purple | single | 30 in. | 20 in. | late Aug-early Nov | 48.2 days | England, 1932 |
E. × hybrida 'Serenade'[27] | pink | semi-double | 23 in. | 40 in. | mid Aug-late Oct | 64.5 days | |
E. × hybrida 'Victor Jones' | pale pink | single | 31 in. | 35 in. | late Aug-mid Oct | 53.4 days | |
E. × hybrida 'Whirlwind'[28] | white | semi-double | 27 in. | 35 in. | early Sep-early Nov | 41.1 days | Rochester, NY 1887 |
E. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'[29] | deep pink | semi-double to double | 20 in. | 32 in. | early Sep-early Nov | 54.2 days | Alan Bloom, England |
E. japonica 'Pamina'[30] | deep pink | semi-double to double | 30 in. | 28 in. | late Aug-late Oct | 46.8 days | Germany |
E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'[31] | rose pink | semi-double to double | 28 in. | 31 in. | early Sep-early Nov | 64.8 days | Germany, 1902 |
E. japonica 'Splendens'[32] | rose pink | single to semi-double | 25 in. | 34 in. | late Aug-early Nov | 61.2 days | 1920 |
E. tomentosa 'Alba' | white | single | late Sep-early Nov | 22.0 days |
(As of March 2020), the following cultivars have gained the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) from the Royal Horticultural Society:[33]
- E. hupehensis 'Bowles's Pink'[34]
- E. × hybrida 'Elegans'[35]
- E. hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance'
- E. × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert'
- E. × hybrida 'Königin Charlotte' ('Queen Charlotte')
- E. japonica 'Pamina'
- E. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'[36]
- E. × hybrida 'September Charm'
The cultivars E. × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson', E. × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour', E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich', and E. × hybrida 'Robustissima' were removed from the AGM list in 2013.
Bibliography
- Bowles, Edward A.; Stearn, William T. (1947). "The History of Anemone japonica, Part I". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 72 (7): 261–268.
- Bowles, Edward A.; Stearn, William T. (1947). "The History of Anemone japonica, Part II". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 72 (8): 297–308.
- Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC.
- Herman, Robert (2004). "Fall-blooming anemones". Fine Gardening 99: 48–52. https://www.finegardening.com/article/fall-blooming-anemones. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- Rudy, Mark R. (2004). "Fall-blooming Anemones". Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/downloads/planteval_notes/no25_anemones.pdf.
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Eriocapitella Nakai". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:33128-1.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rudy (2004).
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Herman, Robert (2004). "Fall-blooming anemones". Fine Gardening 99: 48–52. https://www.finegardening.com/article/fall-blooming-anemones. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ↑ "Eriocapitella Nakai". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.ipni.org/n/33128-1.
- ↑ "Anemone sect. Eriocapitella (Nakai) Tamura". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.ipni.org/n/957630-1.
- ↑ "Eriocapitella × hybrida (L.H.Bailey) Christenh. & Byng". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77184419-1.
- ↑ Gledhill (2008), p. 90.
- ↑ Gledhill (2008), p. 156.
- ↑ Klingaman, Gerald (13 October 2006). "Japanese anemone". University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/japanese_anemone_10-13-06.htm.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94662/Anemone-hupehensis-Hadspen-Abundance/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis 'Praecox'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90213/Anemone-hupehensis-Praecox/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis 'Superba'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/131730/Anemone-hupehensis-Superba/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Alba'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/118895/Anemone-x-hybrida-Alba/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Alice'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/236725/Anemone-x-hybrida-Alice/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/138466/Anemone-x-hybrida-Andrea-Atkinson/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95098/Anemone-x-hybrida-Honorine-Jobert/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Konigin Charlotte'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/112594/Anemone-x-hybrida-Konigin-Charlotte/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Kriemhilde'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/361731/Anemone-x-hybrida-Kriemhilde/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99602/Anemone-x-hybrida-Lady-Gilmour-Wolley-Dod/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Loreley'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47292/Anemone-x-hybrida-Loreley/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Margarete'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/192415/Anemone-x-hybrida-Margarete-Kayser-Seibert/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Max Vogel'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99841/Anemone-x-hybrida-Max-Vogel/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Montrose'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/26675/Anemone-x-hybrida-Montrose/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Richard Ahrens'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/84030/Anemone-x-hybrida-Richard-Ahrens/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Robustissima'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/171692/Anemone-x-hybrida-Robustissima/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'September Charm'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/1235/Anemone-x-hybrida-September-Charm/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Serenade'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124790/Anemone-x-hybrida-Serenade/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Whirlwind'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/112682/Anemone-x-hybrida-Whirlwind/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95202/Anemone-hupehensis-var-japonica-Bressingham-Glow/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Pamina'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/138937/Anemone-hupehensis-var-japonica-Pamina/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/112681/Anemone-hupehensis-var-japonica-Prinz-Heinrich/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Splendens'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/278114/Anemone-hupehensis-var-japonica-Splendens/Details.
- ↑ "Ornamentals AGM Plants March 2020". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis 'Bowles's Pink'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/66590/Anemone-hupehensis-Bowles-s-Pink/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone × hybrida 'Elegans'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/75076/Anemone-x-hybrida-Elegans/Details.
- ↑ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/138927/Anemone-hupehensis-var-japonica-Rotkappchen/Details.
Wikidata ☰ Q84263887 entry
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriocapitella.
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