Biology:Ficedula
The Ficedula flycatchers are a genus of Old World flycatchers. The genus is the largest in the family, containing around thirty species. They have sometimes been included in the genus Muscicapa. The genus is found in Europe, Asia and Africa. Several species are highly migratory, whereas other species are sedentary.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus was introduced by the French naturalist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) as the type species.[1][2] The genus name is from Latin and refers to a small fig-eating bird (ficus, "fig") supposed to change into the blackcap in winter.[3]
Extant species
The genus contains the following species:[4]
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 120px | Yellow-rumped flycatcher | Ficedula zanthopygia | Manchuria, China and Korea; winters to Malay Peninsula and Sumatra |
| - | Green-backed flycatcher | Ficedula elisae | northeastern China; winters to Malay Peninsula |
| 120px | Narcissus flycatcher | Ficedula narcissina | Kuril Islands, Manchuria and Japan; winters to Hainan, northeastern Borneo and Philippines |
| 120px | Ryukyu flycatcher | Ficedula owstoni | Ryukyu Islands |
| 120px | Slaty-blue flycatcher | Ficedula tricolor | Himalayas, central China, Yunnan and northern Indochina |
| 120px | Snowy-browed flycatcher | Ficedula hyperythra | Himalayas, southern China, Taiwan and Southeast Asia |
| 120px | Mugimaki flycatcher | Ficedula mugimaki | Mongolia, Korea, southern Siberia and northeastern China; winters to Southeast Asia |
| 120px | Slaty-backed flycatcher | Ficedula erithacus | eastern Himalayas, central/southern China; winters to northern Indochina |
| 120px | Pygmy flycatcher | Ficedula hodgsoni | eastern Himalayas and Southeast Asia |
| 120px | Rufous-gorgeted flycatcher | Ficedula strophiata | Himalayas, Patkai, central/southern China, northern Indochina and eastern Vietnam |
| 120px | Sapphire flycatcher | Ficedula sapphira | Eastern Himalaya, central/southern China and northern Indochina |
| 120px | Ultramarine flycatcher | Ficedula superciliaris | eastern Afghanistan to Hengduan Mountains; winters in India and northwestern Indochina |
| 120px | Little pied flycatcher | Ficedula westermanni | Himalayas and Southeast Asia |
| 120px | Rusty-tailed flycatcher | Ficedula ruficauda | Tian Shan and Himalayas; winters to Western Ghats |
| 120px | Kashmir flycatcher | Ficedula subrubra | Nilgiri Mountains and Sri Lanka |
| 120px | Red-breasted flycatcher | Ficedula parva | Europe and Caucasus ; winters to South Asia |
| 120px | Taiga flycatcher | Ficedula albicilla | Siberia; winters to Indomalaya |
| 120px | Semicollared flycatcher | Ficedula semitorquata | eastern Mediterranean; winters to East Africa |
| 120px | Atlas pied flycatcher | Ficedula speculigera | north-west Africa |
| 120px | European pied flycatcher | Ficedula hypoleuca | Europe; winters to equatorial Africa |
| 120px | Collared flycatcher | Ficedula albicollis | Europe; winters to southeastern Africa |
| 120px | Black-and-orange flycatcher | Ficedula nigrorufa | southern Western Ghats |
| 120px | Tanimbar flycatcher | Ficedula riedeli | Tanimbar Islands (Larat and Yamdena) |
| 120px | Rufous-chested flycatcher | Ficedula dumetoria | Malesia |
| - | Furtive flycatcher | Ficedula disposita | Luzon |
| 120px | Palawan flycatcher | Ficedula platenae | Palawan |
| 120px | Rufous-throated flycatcher | Ficedula rufigula | Sulawesi |
| - | Cinnamon-chested flycatcher | Ficedula buruensis | Maluku Islands (Buru, Seram and Kai Besar) |
| - | Sumba flycatcher | Ficedula harterti | Sumba |
| 120px | Black-banded flycatcher | Ficedula timorensis | Timor |
| 120px | Little slaty flycatcher | Ficedula basilanica | Philippines Mindanao, Leyte and Samar |
| 120px | Bundok flycatcher | Ficedula luzoniensis | montane Philippines |
| 120px | Cryptic flycatcher | Ficedula crypta | Mindanao |
| - | Lompobattang flycatcher | Ficedula bonthaina | Lompobattang Massif, Sulawesi |
| 120px | Damar flycatcher | Ficedula henrici | Damar Island |
Former species
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Ficedula:
- Indian black-naped blue monarch (as Siphia Styani)[5]
Speciation
A 2015 study on genomic pattern of differentiation, also known as islands of speciation by Burri et al., in the Ficedula flycatchers.[6] Islands of differentiation are genomic regions with elevated measures of genetic differentiation. The authors examined island of differentiation within genomes and sought to answer (1) how they are formed and (2) what role they have in speciation. The flycatcher species complex is made up of four sister species and has a broad species range over all of Europe and parts of North Africa. The authors sequenced 200 genomes from 10 populations to an average of 14x coverage.
The authors tested two prominent models for the accumulation of islands of speciation, speciation with gene flow and linkage selection. Some of the expected patterns for islands of differentiation forming accumulating under a gene flow model and reduced sequence divergence outside the islands of differentiation compared to the rest of the genome and expansion of the islands of differentiation as reproductive isolation is reinforced during the speciation process. Based on the genomic data, expectations from the speciation with gene flow model were not well supported. Instead there was more support for the linkage selection model for islands of variation model. Such as an inverse correlation between recombination rate and differentiation, low amounts of ancestral variation in low recombining regions, and a positive relationship with nucleotide diversity and recombination rate. Some of the main findings from the study were:
- The differentiation landscapes were very similar across the four flycatcher species.
- Tests using population genetic parameters to test assumptions indicated that differentiation landscape across the genomes were likely not caused by gene flow.
- The signatures for background selection highly outweighed selective sweep signatures.
By reinforcement
F. hypoleuca vis-a-vis F. albicollis are speciating from each other by reinforcement, as evidenced by differences between colouration in sympatry versus allopatry. This is evidence for speciation by reinforcement.[7]
Description
The flycatchers in the genus Ficedula are typically small with slender bodies and rounded heads. In many cases they are sexually dimorphic in their plumage, with the males being brightly or strikingly coloured and the females being duller or drabber.[8]
References
- ↑ Brisson, Mathurin-Jacques (1760) (in fr, la). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 38; Vol. 3, p. 369.
- ↑ Mayr, Ernst; Cotterell, G. William (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 11. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 335. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14484036.
- ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling..
- ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/.
- ↑ "Hypothymis azurea styani - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=5F9ADD98&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ Burri, Reto et al. (November 2015). "Linked selection and recombination rate variation drive the evolution of the genomic landscape of differentiation across the speciation continuum of Ficedula flycatchers". Genome Research 25 (11): 1634–1645. doi:10.1101/gr.196485.115. ISSN 1088-9051. PMID 26355005.
- ↑ Noor, Mohamed A. F. (1999). "Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry". Heredity (The Genetics Society (Nature)) 83 (5): 503–508. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6886320. (ORCID 0000-0002-5400-4408 GS 5nkhrpUAAAAJ). ISSN 0018-067X. PMID 10620021.
- ↑ Taylor, B. (2020). "Old World Flycatchers (Muscicapidae)". in del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. et al.. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.muscic3.01. http://www.hbw.com/node/52322. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Further reading
- Lei, X., Lian, Z.-M., Lei F.-M., Yin Z.-H., Zhao H.-F. 2007. Phylogeny of some Muscicapinae birds based on cyt b mitochondrial gene sequences. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 53(1):95 - 105. PDF fulltext
- Moyle, R.G.; Hosner, P.A.; Jones, A.W.; Outlaw, D.C. (2015). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Ficedula flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae): Novel results from fresh source material". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82 (A): 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.029. PMID 25307119. Bibcode: 2015MolPE..82...87M.
- Outlaw, D.C.; Voelker, G. (2006). "Systematics of Ficedula flycatchers (Muscicapidae): A molecular reassessment of a taxonomic enigma". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41 (1): 118–126. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.004. PMID 16797192. Bibcode: 2006MolPE..41..118O.
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