Biology:Fleuron (typography)
A fleuron (/ˈflʊərɒn, -ən, ˈflɜːrɒn, -ən/;[1]), also known as printers' flower, is a typographic element, or glyph, used either as a punctuation mark or as an ornament for typographic compositions. Fleurons are stylized forms of flowers or leaves; the term derives from the Old French: floron ("flower").[2] Robert Bringhurst in The Elements of Typographic Style calls the forms "horticultural dingbats".[3] A commonly-encountered fleuron is the ❦, the floral heart or hedera (ivy leaf). It is also known as an aldus leaf (after Italian Renaissance printer Aldus Manutius).
History
Fleurons are among the oldest typographic ornaments. In early Greek and Latin texts, a hedera mark was used as an inline character to identify a new paragraph, similarly to the pilcrow.[4][better source needed] A fleuron can also be used to fill the white space that results from the indentation of the first line of a paragraph,[5] on a line by itself to divide paragraphs in a highly stylized way, to divide lists, or for pure ornamentation.[6]
In more modern books, line breaks became more common as paragraph dividers, and fleurons became popular to create ornamented borders. Fleurons were crafted the same way as other typographic elements were: as individual metal sorts that could be fit into the printer's compositions alongside letters and numbers. This saved the printer time and effort in producing ornamentation. Because the sorts could be produced in multiples, printers could build up borders with repeating patterns of fleurons.
Fleurons in Unicode
Thirty forms of fleuron have code points in Unicode. The Dingbats and Miscellaneous Symbols blocks have three fleurons that the standard calls "floral hearts" (also called "aldus leaf", "ivy leaf", "hedera" and "vine leaf");[7] twenty-four fleurons (from the pre-Unicode Wingdings and Wingdings 2 fonts) in the Ornamental Dingbats block; and three more fleurons used in archaic languages are also supported.
- U+2619 ☙ REVERSED ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET (Miscellaneous Symbols)
- U+2766 ❦ FLORAL HEART (Dingbats)
- U+2767 ❧ ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET (Dingbats)
- U+10877 𐡷 PALMYRENE LEFT-POINTING FLEURON
- U+10878 𐡸 PALMYRENE RIGHT-POINTING FLEURON
- U+10AF1 𐫱 MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION FLEURON
- U+1F650 🙐 NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF (Ornamental Dingbats)
- U+1F651 🙑 SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF
- U+1F652 🙒 NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF
- U+1F653 🙓 SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF
- U+1F654 🙔 TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF
- U+1F655 🙕 TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF
- U+1F656 🙖 TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF
- U+1F657 🙗 TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF
- U+1F658 🙘 NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F659 🙙 SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F65A 🙚 NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F65B 🙛 SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F65C 🙜 HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F65D 🙝 HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F65E 🙞 HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F65F 🙟 HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF
- U+1F660 🙠 NORTH WEST POINTING BUD
- U+1F661 🙡 SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD
- U+1F662 🙢 NORTH EAST POINTING BUD
- U+1F663 🙣 SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD
- U+1F664 🙤 HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD
- U+1F665 🙥 HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD
- U+1F666 🙦 HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD
- U+1F667 🙧 HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD
Gallery
Early printers sought to use fleurons to replicate the style of manuscripts like this one.[citation needed]
The arabesque title page of a 1611 book.
Detail of a printed arabesque border in a 1616 book.
Specimens of printed floral borders from an 1897 type foundry specimen book.
Ornamented borders by Thomas Maitland Cleland, 1923.
Example fleuron glyphs from a digital font.
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See also
- The Fleuron, a British typography magazine from the early 20th century.
References
- ↑ "fleuron". fleuron. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fleuron.
- ↑ "Fleuron". Fleuron. Dictionary.reference.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fleuron. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
- ↑ Bringhurst, Robert, The Elements of Typographic Style, Second edition: Hartley and Marks Publishers, 1996. ISBN:0-88179-132-6
- ↑ "History of Graphic Design: Rare Books Collection: The Pilcrow". Mikemichelleapril.blogspot.com. 2008-09-29. http://mikemichelleapril.blogspot.com/2008/09/rare-books-collection-pilcrow.html.
- ↑ "Typographic Marks Unknown – @retinart". Retinart.net. http://retinart.net/typography/marksunknown/.
- ↑ Lisa Ferlazzo (May 10, 2013). "Punctuation graveyard: The Hedera". http://thewordict.com/2013/05/10/punctuation-graveyard-the-hedera/.
- ↑ "Dingbats". Unicode Consortium. https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_2700.html.
External links
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