Biology:Garcinia kola
| Garcinia kola | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Clusiaceae |
| Genus: | Garcinia |
| Species: | G. kola
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| Binomial name | |
| Garcinia kola Heckel
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Garcinia kola (bitter kola, a name sometimes also used for G. afzelii) is a species of flowering plant belonging to the Mangosteen genus Garcinia of the family Clusiaceae (a.k.a. Guttiferae). It is found in Benin, Cameroon, The Gambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Mali , Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
The fruit, seeds ("bitter kola nuts") and bark of the plant have been used for centuries in folk medicine to treat ailments from coughs to fever. According to a report from the Center For International Forestry Research, Garcinia kola trade is still important to the indigenous communities and villages in Nigeria.
Cola acuminata, source of the true kola nut, is not related to Garcinia kola belonging not to Clusiaceae but to a subfamily of the mallow family Malvaceae.
Traditional medicine
Garcinia kola is traditionally used by African folk healers who believe that it has purgative, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial properties.[2] The seeds are used for liver disorders, bronchitis, throat infections, colic, head or chest colds, and cough.[2] It is also used as a chewing stick.[2]
Barriers to cultivation
Despite the socio-economic importance of Garcinia kola, cultivation of the species is limited. Factors that have discouraged farmers from growing Garcinia kola include difficulties in germination that reduces seedling availability. Most productive trees were left in the wild when farmers cut plots out of the forest.[3] Researchers have studied the germination problems of G. kola seeds and suggested various means of breaking its dormancy.[4][5][6][7][8] However, there is still a need to investigate simple and practicable methods that farmers could easily adopt with low technological input.
G. kola seeds have both seed coat dormancy and physiological dormancy probably imposed by the chemicals in the seed.[9] Seed coat dormancy of Garcinia kola can be reduced by removing the seed coat before sowing, while physiological dormancy can be reduced by soaking in water for 72 hours.[10] Removal of the seed coat, soaking in water for 72 hours, placing inside air-tight transparent polythene bags and sprinkling water on the seeds when needed for constant moisture gives an early germination period of two weeks,[10] while the combination of freshly harvested seeds, pierced minimally and tied in black nylon reduces the germination period to between five and seven days as the piercing or nicking procedure makes for quick availability of water and oxygen to the seed embryo.[11]
Gallery
"Bitter kola" tree (Garcinia kola) growing in Limbe Botanical Gardens, Cameroon
Garcinia kola leaves, Limbe Botanical Gardens
Flowers of Garcinia kola (a.k.a. "bitter kola")
Ripe fruits of Garcinia kola (a.k.a. "bitter kola")
Two "bitter kola" seeds, one with brown rind removed
Seeds of true / "female" kola (= Cola acuminata) compared and contrasted with those of bitter / "male" kola (= Garcinia kola)
References
- ↑ Cheek, M. (2004). "Garcinia kola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T34715A9884648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T34715A9884648.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/34715/9884648. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Maurice Iwu, Angela R. Duncan, and Chris O. Okunji, New Antimicrobials of Plant Origin p. 457–462. 1999, ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA
- ↑ Adebisi, 2004 [full citation needed]
- ↑ Gyimah, 2000 [full citation needed]
- ↑ Anegbeh et al., 2006 [full citation needed]
- ↑ Kanmegne and Ndoumou, 2007 [full citation needed]
- ↑ Oboho and Urughu, 2010 [full citation needed]
- ↑ Oboho and Ogana, 2011 [full citation needed]
- ↑ Oboho and Urughu 2010 [full citation needed]
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Yakubu et al., 2014 [full citation needed]
- ↑ Okonkwo, H. O., Koyejo, O. A., Osewa, S. O. and Babalola, O. T. (2014). Techniques for Improvement of Garcinia Kola (Heckel) Seeds Germination. International Journal of Applied Research and Technology. 3(8): 80 – 86
Wikidata ☰ Q5233099 entry
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