Biology:Glochidion

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Short description: Genus of flowering plants

Glochidion
Glochidion ramiflorum.jpg
Glochidion ramiflorum
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Subfamily: Phyllanthoideae
Tribe: Phyllantheae
Genus: Glochidion
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Species

About 300, see text

Synonyms[1]

Glochidion is a genus of flowering plants, of the family Phyllanthaceae, known as cheese trees or buttonwood in Australia, and leafflower trees in the scientific literature. It comprises about 300 species,[2] distributed from Madagascar to the Pacific Islands. Glochidion species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Aenetus eximia and Endoclita damor.[3] The Nicobarese people have attested to the medicinal properties found in G. calocarpum, saying that its bark and seed are most effective in curing abdominal disorders associated with amoebiasis.[4]

Glochidion are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers—thereby ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries, where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.[5][6][7] Other species of Epicephala are pollinators, and in some cases, non-pollinating seed predators, of certain species of plants in the genera Phyllanthus[8][9] and Breynia,[10][11] both closely related to Glochidion.[12] This relationship is similar to those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.

Although the genus Glochidion is native only to the Old World, the East Asian species Glochidion puberum has become naturalized at several locations in the U.S. state of Alabama.[13][14]

In a 2006 revision of the Phyllanthaceae, it was recommended that Glochidion be subsumed in Phyllanthus.[15] New combinations in Phyllanthus have been published for Madagascar[16] and the Pacific Islands,[17] but most remain to be published.

Selected species

An incomplete listing:

  • var. ferdinandi[18]
  • var. pubens Airy Shaw[18]
  • var. harveyanum[18]
  • var. pubescens Airy Shaw[18]
  • var. supra-axillare (Benth.) Airy Shaw[18]
  • var. pedicellatum Airy Shaw[18]
  • var. sessiliflorum[18]
  • var. stylosum Airy Shaw[18]


References

  1. ↑ Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  2. ↑ Carl T. Bergstrom; Lee Alan Dugatkin (2012). Evolution. Norton. p. 630. ISBN 978-0-393-92592-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=SeaEZwEACAAJ. Retrieved 2016-10-24. 
  3. ↑ PLANTS Profile . USDA.gov. Accessed June 2, 2012.
  4. ↑ See p. 412 in: Hammer, K (1990). "Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)". Economic Botany 44 (3): 410–412. doi:10.1007/bf03183925. 
  5. ↑ Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003). "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 (9): 5264–5267. doi:10.1073/pnas.0837153100. PMID 12695568. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..100.5264K. 
  6. ↑ Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012). "Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists". Biology Letters 8 (2): 258–261. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771. PMID 21900312. 
  7. ↑ Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017). "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms". The American Naturalist 189 (4): 422–435. doi:10.1086/690623. PMID 28350503. PMC 6103454. https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/10150/623805/1/690623.pdf. Retrieved 2019-09-05. 
  8. ↑ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)". American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 410–415. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.410. PMID 21653396. 
  9. ↑ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2009). "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 (1656): 417–426. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1226. PMID 18948251. 
  10. ↑ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae)". American Journal of Botany 91 (9): 1319–1325. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319. PMID 21652364. 
  11. ↑ Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. (2012). "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae)". PLOS ONE 7 (7): e41657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041657. PMID 22848559. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...741657Z. 
  12. ↑ Kathriarachchi, H.; Samuel, R.; Hoffmann, P.; Mlinarec, J.; Wurdack, K. J.; Ralimanana, H.; Stuessy, T. F.; Chase, M. W. (2006). "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany 93 (4): 637–655. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.4.637. PMID 21646224. 
  13. ↑ Fearn, M. L.; Urbatsch, L. E. (2001). "Glochidion puberum (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama". SIDA, Contributions to Botany 19: 711–714. 
  14. ↑ "Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580. Retrieved 2021-11-24. 
  15. ↑ Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin 61 (1): 37–53. 
  16. ↑ Hoffmann, P. and McPherson, G., 2003. Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae). Novon 13(3):307-310.
  17. ↑ Wagner WL, Lorence DH. A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. PhytoKeys. 2011(4):67-94
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 "Glochidion%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Glochidion%25. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q1245856 entry



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