Biology:Gmelina arborea
| Gmelina arborea | |
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| Gmelina arborea tree plantation | |
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| Gmelina arborea sapling from Mindanao, Philippines | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Gmelina |
| Species: | G. arborea
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| Binomial name | |
| Gmelina arborea Roxb.
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| Synonyms | |
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Gmelina arborea, (in English beechwood, gmelina, goomar teak, Kashmir tree, Malay beechwood, white teak, yamane[3] ), locally known as gamhar, is a fast-growing deciduous tree in the family Lamiaceae.[4]
Distribution and habitat
Gmelina arborea grows naturally throughout India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and in southern provinces of China. It is found at altitudes from sea level to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft).[1] Since the 1960s, it has been introduced extensively as fast-growing timber trees in Brazil, Gambia, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Malawi, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Sierra Leone. It is also planted in gardens and avenues.[5][6]
Utilization of the species
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The Lion Throne, the most important, and last surviving, of the eight royal thrones of Myanmar, now in the National Museum in Yangon, is carved from Gmelina arborea wood.[7][8]
Chemistry
Lignans, such as 6" - bromo - isoarboreol, 4-hydroxysesamin, 4,8-dihydroxysesamin, 1,4-dihydroxysesamin (gummadiol), 2-piperonyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-(α-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran and the 4-O-glucoside of 4-epigummadiol, can be isolated from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea.[9] The parent compounds are arboreol or gmelanone.[10]
Umbelliferone 7-apiosylglucoside can be isolated from the root.[11]
Five constituents, isolated from the heartwood of G. arborea, (+)-7′-O-ethyl arboreol, (+)-paulownin, (+)-gmelinol, (+)-epieudesmin and (−)-β-sitosterol, show antifungal activity against Trametes versicolor.[12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Kok, R. (2019). "Gmelina arborea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T32354A67741197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T32354A67741197.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32354/67741197. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ↑ "Gmelina arborea Roxb.". The Plant List. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-91180.
- ↑ "A tree species reference and selection guide". http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=914.
- ↑ "Gmelina arborea Gmelina, Snapdragon, White Teak PFAF Plant Database". https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gmelina+arborea#:~:text=The%20crown%20is%20large%20and,is%20also%20of%20medicinal%20value..
- ↑ Lauridesen, E.B.; Kjaer, E.D. (2002). "Provenance research in Gmelina arborea Linn., Roxb. A summary of results from three decades of research and a discussion of how to use them". The International Forestry Review 4 (1): 20–29.
- ↑ Duke, James A. (1983). Handbook of Energy Crops. Center for New Crops & Plants Products, Purdue University. https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Gmelina_arborea.html.
- ↑ "The Thrones of Myanmar Kings : Enchanting Myanmar (Burma) - A Guide to Tourism Destinations and Beyond". http://www.myanmar-image.com/enchantingmyanmar/enchantingmyanmar2-2/thrones.htm.
- ↑ Gangadharan V. (2012 Mar 26) Materials behind the method The New Indian Express, page 2
- ↑ Novel hydroxy lignans from the heartwood of gmelina arborea. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, A.Madhusudhana rao, V.Kameswara Rao and L.Ramachandra Row, Tetrahedron, 1977, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 133–143, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(77)80444-4
- ↑ The structures of lignans from Gmelina arborea Linn. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, K.Jaganmohan Rao, V.Kameswara Rao, L.Ramachandra Row, C. Subrahmanyam, A. Pelter, R.S. Ward, Tetrahedron, 1975, Volume 31, Issue 10, Pages 1277–1285, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(75)80169-4
- ↑ An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from gmelina arborea root. P. Satyanarayana, P. Subrahmanyam, R. Kasai and O. Tanaka, Phytochemistry, 1985, Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1862–1863, doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82575-3
- ↑ Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea: Part 1. Sensitive antifungal assay against Basidiomycetes. F. Kawamura, S. Ohara and A. Nishida, Holzforschung, June 2005, Volume 58, Issue 2, Pages 189–192, doi:10.1515/HF.2004.028
- GAMHAR (Gmelina arborea): Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun
- Crop index at the Purdue University
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q311345 entry
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