Biology:Lamiales

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The Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order of flowering plants in the asterids clade of the Eudicots.[1] Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification the order consists of 24 families,[1] and includes about 23,810 species and 1,059 genera[2] with representatives found all over the world.[3] Well-known or economically important members of this order include aromatic, culinary, and medicinal herbs such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, perilla, lemon verbena, catnip, bee balm, wild dagga, and oriental motherwort, as well as olives, ash trees, teak, foxgloves, lilacs, jasmine, snapdragons, African violets, Jacarandas, Paulownias, butterfly bushes, sesame, and psyllium.

Description

Example of Lamiales characteristics (shown on species Lavandula angustifolia)

Plant species within the order Lamiales are eudicots and are herbaceous or have woody stems.[4] Zygomorphic flowers are common, having five petals with an upper lip of two petals and lower lip of three petals, but actinomorphic flowers are also seen.[4][5] Species potentially have five stamens, but these are typically reduced to two or four.[4][5] Lamiales also produce a single style attached to an ovary typically containing two carpels.[6] The ovary is mostly observed to be superior.[7] The inflorescence is typically seen as cyme, raceme or spike.[3] The fruit type is usually dehiscent capsules.[8]  Glandular hairs are present on the plants.[4]

Carnivorous plant in the order Lamiales; Utricularia aurea

A number of species of carnivorous plants are found in the families Lentibulariaceae and Byblidaceae.[3] Protocarnivorous plant species have also been found in the order, specifically in the Martyniaceae family.[3]

Parasitic plant in the order Lamiales; Cordylanthus rigidus

Parasitic plant species are found in the order, belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.[3] These parasitic plants can either be hemi-parasites or holoparasites.[3]

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

The APG IV system gives the following cladogram for Lamiales.[9]

Lamiales
 

Plocospermataceae

 
 
 
 

Carlemanniaceae

 
 

Oleaceae

 
 
 
 

Tetrachondraceae

 
 
 
 

Peltantheraceae

 
 
 

Calceolariaceae

 
 

Gesneriaceae

 
 
 
 
 

Plantaginaceae

 
 
 

Scrophulariaceae

 
 
 

Stilbaceae

 
 
 
 

Byblidaceae

 
 

Linderniaceae

 
 
 
 
 

Acanthaceae

 
 

Martyniaceae

 
 

Pedaliaceae

 
 
 
 

Bignoniaceae

 
 
 
 
 

Lentibulariaceae

 
 

Schlegeliaceae

 
 
 
 

Thomandersiaceae

 
 

Verbenaceae

 
 
 
 
 

Lamiaceae

 
 
 

Mazaceae

 
 
 

Phrymaceae

 
 
 

Orobanchaceae

 
 

Paulowniaceae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Also, the circumscription of family Scrophulariaceae, formerly a paraphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined, and putatively monophyletic families.[10]

Dating

Much research has been conducted in recent years regarding the dating the Lamiales lineage, although there still remains some ambiguity. A 2004 study, on the molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants, estimated 106 million years (MY) for the stem lineage of Lamiales.[11] A similar study in 2009 estimated 80 million years.[12] Another 2009 study gives several reasons why the issue is particularly difficult to solve.[3]


Habitat

The Lamiales order can be found in almost all kinds of habitats world-wide.[13] These habitats include forests, valleys, grasslands, rocky terrain, rainforests, the tropics, temperate regions, marshes, coastlines, and even frozen areas.[7][13][14]

Uses

The order Lamiales has a variety of species with anthropogenic uses, the most popular belonging to the Lamiaceae and Acanthaceae families.[14] Many of these species in the order Lamiales produce medicinal properties from alkaloids and saponins to help a variety of infections and diseases.[14] These alkaloids and saponins may help with digestion, the common cold or flu, asthma, liver infections, pulmonary infections and contain antioxidant properties.[14]

Species within the order are also known to have properties to repel insects and help control harmful diseases from insects, such as Malaria from mosquitos.[15][14] Plants of the family Acanthaceae have bioactive secondary metabolites within their mature leaves, which have been found to be toxic to insect larvae.[15] Botanical derived insecticides are a good alternate for chemical or synthetic insecticides as it is inexpensive, abundant and safe for other plants, non-target organisms and the environment.[15]

Many species within the order are used as decorations, flavouring agents, cosmetics and fragrances.[14] Natural dyes can also be extracted from Lamiales species.[14][16] For example, in Sardinia culture, the most common Lamiales plant species used for natural dyes is Lavandula stoechas, where a light-green dye is extracted from the stem.[16]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. 
  2. ↑ Allaby, Michael, ed (2019) (in en). A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198833338.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-883333-8. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Schäferhoff, Bastian; Fleischmann, Andreas; Fischer, Eberhard; Albach, Dirk C; Borsch, Thomas; Heubl, Günther; Müller, Kai F (2010). "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 (1): 352. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-352. ISSN 1471-2148. PMID 21073690. Bibcode: 2010BMCEE..10..352S. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 J. W. Kadereit, ed (2004). Flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-40593-3. OCLC 53375899. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Endress, Peter K (February 2001). "Evolution of floral symmetry" (in en). Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4 (1): 86–91. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00140-0. PMID 11163173. Bibcode: 2001COPB....4...86E. 
  6. ↑ Westerkamp, Christian; Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine (2007-08-01). "Bilabiate Flowers: The Ultimate Response to Bees?" (in en). Annals of Botany 100 (2): 361–374. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm123. ISSN 1095-8290. PMID 17652341. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Zhang, Caifei; Zhang, Taikui; Luebert, Federico; Xiang, Yezi; Huang, Chien-Hsun; Hu, Yi; Rees, Mathew; Frohlich, Michael W et al. (2020-11-01). Saitou, Naruya. ed. "Asterid Phylogenomics/Phylotranscriptomics Uncover Morphological Evolutionary Histories and Support Phylogenetic Placement for Numerous Whole-Genome Duplications" (in en). Molecular Biology and Evolution 37 (11): 3188–3210. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa160. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 32652014. 
  8. ↑ McDade, L. A.; Daniel, T. F.; Kiel, C. A. (2008-09-01). "Toward a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s.l. (Lamiales)" (in en). American Journal of Botany 95 (9): 1136–1152. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800096. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21632432. Bibcode: 2008AmJB...95.1136M. 
  9. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. 
  10. ↑ Schäferhoff, Bastian; Fleischmann, Andreas; Fischer, Eberhard; Albach, Dirk C; Borsch, Thomas; Heubl, Günther; Müller, Kai F (2010). "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences" (in en). BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 (1): 352. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-352. ISSN 1471-2148. PMID 21073690. Bibcode: 2010BMCEE..10..352S. 
  11. ↑ Bremer, K.; Friis, E. M.; Bremer, B. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants shows early Cretaceous diversification". Systematic Biology 53 (3): 496–505. doi:10.1080/10635150490445913. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 15503676. 
  12. ↑ Susana Magallón; Amanda Castillo (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", American Journal of Botany 96 (1): 349–365, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060, PMID 21628193 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Fonseca, Luiz Henrique M. (November 2021). "Combining molecular and geographical data to infer the phylogeny of Lamiales and its dispersal patterns in and out of the tropics" (in en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107287. PMID 34365014. Bibcode: 2021MolPE.16407287F. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Sharma, Archna; Sharma, Alka; Kumar, Vijay; Kumar, Ashwini (2015). "Selected Medicinal Plants of Order Lamiales Used in Traditional Medicine". American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research 3 (1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271211959. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Rawani, Anjali; Ghosh, Anupam; Chandra, Goutam (July 2014). "Mosquito larvicidal potential of four common medicinal plants of India". The Indian Journal of Medical Research 140 (1): 102–108. ISSN 0975-9174. PMID 25222784. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Maxia, Andrea; Meli, Francesca; Gaviano, Carla; Picciau, Rosangela; De Martis, Bruno; Kasture, Sanjay; Kasture, Veene (2013). "Dye plants: Natural resources from traditional botanical knowledge of Sardinia Island, Italy". Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge: 651–656. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262010451. 
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