Biology:Gondwania

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Gondwania is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Xanthorioideae of the family Teloschistaceae.[1][2] It comprises five species of crustose lichens.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the lichenologists Ulrik Søchting, Patrik Frödén, and Ulf Arup in 2013. The type species is G. cribrosa, a species that was first named Polycauliona cribrosa by Auguste-Marie Hue in 1909. The genus name refers to the ancestral supercontinent Gondwana, reflecting the predominantly Southern Hemisphere distribution of the genus.[3]

Gondwania belongs to the subfamily Xanthorioideae within the family Teloschistaceae. Molecular phylogenetics analyses place Gondwania in a clade with several other Southern Hemisphere genera, including Austroplaca, Cerothallia, and Transdrakea. Within this clade, Gondwania forms a well-supported monophyletic group.[4]

Description

Gondwania species are grow on rock, with one exception that is corticolous (growing on bark). They exhibit a variety of growth forms: [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], somewhat fruticose, or crustose.[5] The thalli of some species feature pseudocyphellae, which are small pores in the upper cortex that appear as slightly paler spots on the surface. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) in Gondwania are typically [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] to [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] in form, ranging from 0.5 to 6 mm in diameter. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] colour varies from orange to brownish-orange. The margin is often well-developed and can be pseudocyphellate in some species.[4]

Microscopically, Gondwania species have asci of the Teloschistes-type, each containing eight spores. The ascospores are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (with two cells divided by a septum) and generally ellipsoid. Spore sizes and septum widths vary among species and can be diagnostic features.[4]

Species contain lichen products characteristic of [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] A, with parietin being the dominant anthraquinone (comprising 92–95% of the total). All yellow, orange or reddish-pigmented parts of the lichen turn purple when exposed to potassium hydroxide solution (K+ purple reaction).[4]

Cerothallis, Austroplaca, and Transdrakea are closely related genera in the Teloschistaceae. Gondwania has a Southern Hemisphere distribution, occurring in Antarctica, southern Australia (particularly Tasmania), New Zealand, and Patagonia, including the Falkland Islands.[3] This distribution pattern suggests an origin in the ancient Gondwana supercontinent, with subsequent diversification following the breakup of the landmass.[4]

Species

  • Gondwania cribrosa (Hue) Søchting, Frödén & Arup (2013) – Tasmania; New Zealand
  • Gondwania inclinans (Stirton) Søchting (2023)[4] – New Zealand
  • Gondwania joannae (Hue) Søchting, Sancho & Arup (2023)[4] – Antarctica
  • Gondwania sejongensis S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2014)[6]
  • Gondwania sublobulata (Nyl.) S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell, Jung Kim, M.H.Jeong, N.N.Yu, A.S.Kondr. & Hur (2014)[6] – South America

The proposed taxon Gondwania regalis (Vain.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup (2013) has since been transferred to a different genus and is now known as Polycauliona regalis.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332. 
  2. ↑ "Gondwania". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4PYV. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013). "A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany 31 (1): 16–83. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x. Bibcode: 2013NorJB..31...16A. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Søchting, Ulrik; Sancho, Leo Garcia; Arup, Ulf (2023). "The lichen genera Gondwania and Transdrakea gen. nov. (Teloschistaceae) – speciation in three southern continents". Plant and Fungal Systematics 68 (2): 304–319. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0015. 
  5. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S.; Mishra, G.K.; Ravera, S.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jang, S.-H. et al. (2017). "New monophyletic branches of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota) proved by three gene phylogeny". Acta Botanica Hungarica 59 (1–2): 71–136. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.6. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Jeong, M.-H.; Yu, N.-N.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Elix, J.A.; Kim, J.; Kondratiuk, A.S. et al. (2014). "A revised taxonomy for the subfamily Caloplacoideae (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular phylogeny". Acta Botanica Hungarica 56 (1–2): 93–123. doi:10.1556/abot.56.2014.1-2.10. 
  7. ↑ "Record Details: Gondwania regalis (Vain.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, in Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Nordic Jl Bot. 31(1): 47 (2013)". Index Fungorum. https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=802081. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q25818975 entry



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