Biology:Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

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Short description: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Possible time of origin46,000 years BP[1][2]
Possible place of originCentral Asia, South Asia, or Southeast Asia[3][4][5]
AncestorK2b[6]
DescendantsP-P295 (P1a, formerly P*)
P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3)
P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1)
Defining mutationsP295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231

Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).

The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia.[7][8] The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians.[9][10] P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).

The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.

Origin and dispersal

Proposed migration routes of Haplogroup P among others.[11]
Human Y-chromosomal phylogeny

Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonius" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there.[4][12] Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. concluded that the ancestral Eurasian haplogroups C, D, and F, either expanded from the Middle East or from Southeast Asia. Based on the modern distribution of basal lineages, the authors propose Southeast Asia as place of dispersal for all Eurasian lineages, before the split between West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian (including Oceanian) populations.[13]

According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 (now P1c), which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2 (now P1a), which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[14]

Structure

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:[9][15]

  • P (P-F5850)
    • P1 (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
      • P1a (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)
      • P1b (FT292000)
      • P1c (M45/PF5962)
        • Q (M242)
        • R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)

Distribution

P1(xP1c)

Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).

P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.[4]

P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.[9] P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.[3][4][13][16]

Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia.[17][18][19] Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander,[20]

P1(xP1c) frequency in surveyed groups in Island South East Asia, South West Pacific and East Asia
Population P* % Notes
Papua New Guinea 0.69 assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found[4]
New Zealand 0
Fiji 0
Solomon Islands 0
French Polynesia 0
Vanuatu 0
New Caledonia
Guam 0
Samoa 0
Kiribati
Tonga 0
Micronesia FDR 0
Marshall Islands 0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands 0
Wallis and Futuna 0
Tuvalu 0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue 0 small sample size
Tokelau 0 small sample size
Hawaii 0 small sample size from FTDNA
Australia 0
Timor 10.8
Aeta (Philippines) 28
Austronesians (Philippines) 0
Malaysia 0
Flores 0
Sulawesi 0.6
East Indonesia 0
Java Indonesia 0
Bali Indonesia 0
Sumatra Indonesia 0
Borneo Indonesia 0
West Papua Province 0
Papua Province 0
Sumba Indonesia 3.2

P-M45 (P1c)

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[21] and 35% among Nivkh males.

P-M45 (P1c) frequency in surveyed groups of Central Asia and Siberia
Modern population Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation Reference n Percentage Notes/SNPs tested
Tuvinian Turkic [21] 113 35.40 P-M45
Nivkh isolate [22] 17 35 P-M45
Altai-Kizhi Turkic [21] 92 28.3 P-M45
Todjin Turkic [21] 36 22.2 P-M45
Chukchi Chukotkan [22] 24 20.8 P-M45
Koryak Chukotkan [22] 27 18.5 P-M45
Yupik Eskimo-Aleut [22] 33 18.2 P-M45
Uighur Turkic [23] 70 17.1 P-M45
Kalmyk Mongolic [21] 68 11.8 P-M45
Turkmen Turkic [24] 30 10 P-M45
Soyot Turkic [21] 34 8.8 P-M45
Uriankhai Mongolic [25] 60 8.3 P-M45
Khakas Turkic [21] 53 7.6 P-M45
Kazakh Turkic [24] 54 5.6 P-M45
Uzbek Turkic [24] 366 5.5 P-M45
Munda Austro-Asiatic [26] 64 10.90 P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese Austro-Asiatic [26] 11 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia Austro-Asiatic [26] 257 1.60 P-M45(xM173) §
Garo Tibeto-Burman [26] 71 1.40 P-M45(xM173) §
India Tibeto-Burman [26] 226 3.10 P-M45(xM173) §
East Asia Tibeto-Burman [26] 214 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India unclear/various [26] 54 18.50 P-M45(xM173) §
Southern Talysh, Iran Iranian [27] 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan Iranian [27] 40 5.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Mazandarani Iranian [27] 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Gilaki Iranian [27] 50 0.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Tehran Iranian [27] 80 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Isfahan Iranian [27] 50 6.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Bakhtiari Iranian [28] 53 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Iranian Arabs Arabic [28] 47 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
North Iran Iranian [29] 33 9.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Iran Iranian [29] 117 3.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Georgian [30] 77 3.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Armenian [30] 100 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Hvar Croatian [31] 14
Korčula Croatian [31] 6

§ May include members of haplogroup R2.

Modern Southeast Asian populations featuring P1c (M45)[32]
Population group N P (xQ, xR) Q R
[32] Count % Count % Count %
Gope 16 1 6.4
Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2
Mahishya 17 3 17.6
Bhumij 15 2 13.3
Saora 13 3 23.1
Nepali 7 2 28.6
Muslims of Manipur 9 3 33.3
15 1 6.7
Lambadi 18 4 22.2
Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2
Katkari 19 1 5.3
Madia Gond 14 1 7.1
Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80

Q

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.

R1
R1a frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continental Country Population Sample R1a1 [lower-alpha 1] R1a1* [lower-alpha 2] R1a1a [lower-alpha 3] Source
Caucasus Ossetians North 134 NA 0.00 0.75 [33]
Europe Estonia 100 NA 0.00 35.00 [33]
Europe Romania 335 NA 0.00 17.01 [33]
Europe Croatia Krk (island) 74 NA 0.00 36.49 [33]
Europe Croatia Brac (island) 49 NA 0.00 24.49 [33]
Europe Croatia Hvar (island) 91 NA 0.00 6.59 [33]
Europe Croatia Korcula (island) 134 NA 0.00 15.67 [33]
Europe Croatia mainland 108 NA 0.00 26.85 [33]
Europe Bosnia-Herzegovina Herzegovina 141 NA 0.00 12.06 [33]
Europe Kosovo Albanians 114 NA 0.00 3.51 [33]
Europe Serbia 113 NA 0.00 18.58 [33]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonia 79 NA 0.00 13.92 [33]
Europe Czech Republic 53 NA 0.00 37.74 [33]
Europe Belarus Brest 97 NA 0.00 58.8 [34]
Europe Belarus 267 NA 0.00 54.7 [34]
Europe Belarus 50 NA 0.00 42.00 [33]
Europe Russia Russians 39 NA 0.00 38.46 [33]
Central Asia Tajiks, Turkmens 38 NA 0.00 7.89 [33]
North Asia Russia Tuvas 104 NA 0.00 7.69 [33]
North Asia Russia Altaians 58 NA 0.00 41.38 [33]
South Asia India Jammu Jharkhand 61 NA 0.00 37.70 [33]
South Asia India Andhra-Pradesh Jharkhand 19 NA 0.00 26.32 [33]
South Asia India Madhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh 54 NA 0.00 35.19 [33]
South Asia India Khatri-Punjab/Haryana 15 NA 0.00 67.00 [33]
South Asia India Ahir-Punjab/Haryana 24 NA 0.00 63.00 [33]
South Asia India Uttar-Pradesh Jharkhand 171 NA 0.00 49.71 [33]
South Asia India Uttranchal Jharkhand 21 NA 0.00 47.62 [33]
South Asia India West-Bengal Chhattisgarh 49 NA 0.00 48.98 [33]
South Asia India Asur Maharashtra 88 NA 0.00 5.68 [33]
South Asia India Ho Madhya-Pradesh 45 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
South Asia India Mawasi Orissa 27 NA 0.00 3.70 [33]
South Asia India Mawasi Chhattisgarh 12 NA 0.00 8.33 [33]
South Asia India Mahali Orissa 32 NA 0.00 9.38 [33]
South Asia India Santhal Meghalaya 20 NA 0.00 10.00 [33]
South Asia India Birhor Meghalaya 27 NA 0.00 3.70 [33]
South Asia India Birhor 35 NA 0.00 2.86 [33]
South Asia India Baiga 23 NA 0.00 8.70 [33]
South Asia India Baiga 42 NA 0.00 2.38 [33]
South Asia India Kharia 37 NA 0.00 5.41 [33]
South Asia India Savara 21 NA 0.00 9.52 [33]
South Asia India Meghwal Rajasthan 50 NA 0.00 30.00 [33]
South Asia India Garo 25 NA 0.00 4.00 [33]
South Asia India Lohana Gujarat 20 NA 0.00 60.00 [33]
South Asia India Khasi 21 NA 0.00 4.76 [33]
South Asia Iran 87 NA 0.00 10.34 [33]
South Asia Pakistan Sindhi 134 NA 0.00 49.00 [33]
South Asia Pakistan Mohanna 70 NA 0.00 71.00 [33]
Europe Turkey 89 NA 0.00 3.37 [33]
Caucasus Armenia 25 NA 0.00 4.00 [33]
Caucasus Megrels 67 NA 0.00 8.96 [33]
Caucasus Abkhazes 162 NA 0.00 9.26 [33]
Caucasus Avars 42 NA 0.00 2.38 [33]
Caucasus Chamalals 27 NA 0.00 7.41 [33]
Caucasus Bagvalals 28 NA 0.00 3.57 [33]
Caucasus Andis 49 NA 0.00 2.04 [33]
Caucasus Lezgis 31 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
Caucasus Darginians 68 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
Caucasus Tabasarans 43 NA 0.00 2.33 [33]
Caucasus Adyghes 160 NA 0.00 11.25 [33]
Caucasus Karachays 69 NA 0.00 27.54 [33]
Caucasus Kumyks 76 NA 0.00 13.16 [33]
Caucasus Balkars 136 NA 0.00 25.74 [33]
Caucasus Cherkessians 126 NA 0.00 12.70 [33]
Caucasus Kabardians 141 NA 0.71 13.48 [33]
Caucasus Abazas 89 NA 0.00 19.10 [33]
Caucasus Nogays 87 NA 0.00 12.64 [33]
Caucasus Karanogays 77 NA 0.00 9.09 [33]
Caucasus Tats 10 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
Europe Crete 193 NA 0.00 8.81 [33]
Middle East Oman 121 NA 0.00 9.09 [33]
Middle East Iran 150 NA 0.67 12.67 [33]
Middle East United Arab Emirates 164 NA 0.00 7.32 [33]
Europe Turkey 523 NA 0.00 6.88 [33]
Europe Lithuania Aukštaičiai 106 45.3 NA NA [35]
Europe Lithuania Žemaičiai 90 44.4 NA NA [35]
Europe Norway North 377 27.1 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway Middle 317 31.5 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway West 301 24.3 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway East 493 26.8 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway Bergen 93 28 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway Oslo 109 19.3 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway South 76 13.2 NA NA [36]
Europe Spain/Portugal large survey 1140 NA 0.00 1.2 [37]
Europe Greece Greeks 92 NA 0.00 16.3 [38]
Europe Greece Macedonian Greeks 57 NA 1.80 10.5 [38]
Europe Albania 55 NA 0.00 9.1 [38]
Europe Bosnia Serbs 81 NA 0.00 13.6 [38]
Europe Bosnia Bosniacs 84 NA 0.00 15.5 [38]
Europe Bosnia Croats 90 NA 0.00 12.2 [38]
Europe Croatia 89 NA 0.00 27.0 [38]
Europe Hungary 53 NA 0.00 56.6 [38]
Europe Czech Republic 75 NA 0.00 41.3 [38]
Europe Poland 99 NA 0.00 56.6 [38]
Europe Ukraine 92 NA 0.00 50.0 [38]
Europe Georgia 66 NA 0.00 10.6 [38]
Europe Russia Balkarians 38 NA 0.00 13.2 [38]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Albanian language 64 NA 0.00 1.6 [38]
Europe Croatia Osijek 29 NA 0.00 37.9 [38]
Europe Slovenia Slovenians 75 NA 0.00 38.70 [38]
Europe Italy North East 67 NA 0.00 10.4 [38]
- - Ashkenazi Cohen 76 NA 0.00 1.3 [39]
- - Sephardi Cohen 69 NA 0.00 5.8 [39]
Europe - Ashkenazi Levite 60 NA 0.00 51.7 [39]
- - Sephardi Levite 31 NA 0.00 3.2 [39]
Middle East Israel Ashkenazi 100 NA 0.00 4.0 [39]
Middle East Israel Sephardi 63 NA 0.00 1.6 [39]
Europe Germany 88 NA 0.00 12.5 [39]
Europe Norway 83 NA 0.00 21.7 [39]
Europe Germany Sorbs 112 NA 0.00 63.4 [39]
Europe Belarus 306 NA 0.33 51.0 [39]
Europe Spain Spanish Basques 42 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe British Crown Channel Islands 128 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Chippenham 52 NA NA 6.0 [40]
Europe England Cornwall 52 NA NA 6.0 [40]
Europe England Dorchester 73 NA NA 4.0 [40]
Europe England Faversham 55 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Midhurst 80 NA NA 1.0 [40]
Europe England Morpeth 95 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Norfolk 121 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Penrith 90 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Southwell 70 NA NA 4.0 [40]
Europe England Uttoxeter 84 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe England York 46 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Denmark/Germany Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein 190 NA NA 8.0 [40]
Europe Ireland Castlerea 43 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe British Crown Isle of Man 62 NA NA 8.0 [40]
Europe Norway 201 NA NA 12.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Orkney 121 NA NA 7.0 [40]
Europe Ireland Rush, Dublin 76 NA NA 1.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Durness 51 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Oban 42 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Pitlochry 41 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Stonehaven 44 NA NA 5.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Western Isles 88 NA NA 3.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Shetland 63 NA NA 6.0 [40]
Europe Wales Haverfordwest 59 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Wales Llangefni 80 NA NA 1.0 [40]
Europe Wales Llanidloes 57 NA NA 4.0 [40]
Europe Turkey 523 NA NA 6.9 [41]
Europe Italy Sicily 236 NA NA 5.5 [42]
Europe Greece 77 NA NA 15.6 [43]
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 97 NA NA 25.8 [43]
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 18.2 [43]
South Asia Pakistan Pathan (Pashtun) 96 NA NA 44.8 [43]
South Asia Pakistan 638 NA NA 37.1 [43]
South Asia Nepal Tharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample) 57 NA 0.00 10.5 [44]
South Asia Nepal Tharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample) 77 NA 0.00 3.9 [44]
South Asia Nepal Tharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai 37 NA 0.00 16.2 [44]
South Asia Nepal/India Hindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal 26 NA 0.00 69.2 [44]
South Asia India Hindus New Delhi 49 NA 0.00 34.7 [44]
South Asia India Andhara Pradesh tribal 29 NA 0.00 27.6 [44]
Europe Poland 913 NA NA 57.0 [45]
Europe Germany 1215 NA NA 17.9 [45]
Europe Germany Berlin 103 NA NA 22.3 [45]
Europe Germany Leipzig 144 NA NA 27.1 [45]
Europe Germany Magdeburg 100 NA NA 21 [45]
Europe Germany Rostock 96 NA NA 31.3 [45]
Europe Germany Greifswald 104 NA NA 19.2 [45]
Europe Germany Hamburg 161 NA NA 16.8 [45]
Europe Germany Münster 102 NA NA 7.8 [45]
Europe Germany Freiburg 102 NA NA 10.8 [45]
Europe Germany Cologne 96 NA NA 15.6 [45]
Europe Germany Mainz 95 NA NA 8.4 [45]
Europe Germany Munich 95 NA NA 14.3 [45]
Europe Greece Nea Nikomedeia 57 NA 0.00 21.1 [46]
Europe Greece Sesklo/Dimini 57 NA 0.00 10.5 [46]
Europe Greece Lerna/Franchthi 57 NA 0.00 1.8 [46]
Europe Greece Crete 193 NA 0.50 8.3 [46]
Europe Greece Crete, Heraklion Prefecture 104 NA 0.00 8.7 [47]
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Plateau 41 NA 0.00 29.3 [47]
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Prefecture 23 NA 0.00 17.4 [47]
Europe Ukraine 94 NA NA 43.6 [48]
Europe Belarus 68 NA NA 45.6 [49]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) 20 NA NA 50.0 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) 11 NA NA 18.2 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Turochak) 19 NA NA 36.8 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) 43 NA NA 58.1 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kulada) 46 NA NA 52.2 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) 7 NA NA 28.6 [50]
Europe England West Lancashire (standard 2-G[lower-alpha 4]) 49 NA NA 2.0 [51]
Europe England Wirral Peninsula (standard 2-G[lower-alpha 4]) 100 NA NA 4.0 [51]
Europe England West Lancashire (medieval[lower-alpha 5]) 42 NA NA 16.7 [51]
Europe England Wirral Peninsula (medieval[lower-alpha 5]) 37 NA NA 13.5 [51]
South Asia India South India, Chenchu 41 NA NA 26.8 [52]
South Asia India South India, Koya 41 NA NA 2.4 [52]
South Asia India West Bengal 31 NA NA 38.7 [52]
South Asia India Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay 43 NA NA 41.9 [52]
South Asia India Gujarat 29 NA NA 24.1 [52]
South Asia India Lambadi 35 NA NA 8.6 [52]
South Asia India Punjab 66 NA NA 47.0 [52]
South Asia Sri Lanka Sinhalese 39 NA NA 12.8 [52]
North Asia Russia Tuvan 40 NA NA 7.5 [22]
North Asia Russia Tofalar 19 NA NA 5.3 [22]
North Asia Russia Buryat 13 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Yenisey Evenk 31 NA NA 9.7 [22]
North Asia Russia Okhotsk Evenk 16 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Ulchi/Nanai 53 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Upriver Negidal 10 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Downriver Negidal 7 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Ugedey 20 NA NA 5.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Nivkh 17 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Kamchatka, Koryak 27 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Kamchatka, Itel\'man 18 NA NA 22.2 [22]
North Asia Russia Chukotka, Chukchi 24 NA NA 4.2 [22]
North Asia Russia Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo 33 NA NA 0.0 [22]
Caucasus Russia Abazinians 14 NA NA 14.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Chechenians 19 NA NA 5.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Darginians 26 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Ingushians 22 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Kabardinians 59 NA NA 2.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Lezgi (Dagestan) 25 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Ardon) 28 NA NA 4.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Digora) 31 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Rutulians 24 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Georgia Abkhazians 12 NA NA 33.0 [27]
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 100 NA NA 6.0 [27]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 72 NA NA 7.0 [27]
Caucasus Georgia Georgians 77 NA NA 10.0 [27]
Europe Turkey 39 NA NA 13.0 [27]
Middle East Iran Isfahan 50 NA NA 18.0 [27]
Middle East Iran Tehran 80 NA NA 20.0 [27]
South Asia Pakistan Balti 13 NA NA 15.0 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Brahui 110 NA NA 8.2 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 94 NA NA 27.7 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Hazara 23 NA NA 60.9 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 9.1 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Kashmiri 12 NA NA 25.0 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Baluch 25 NA NA 24.0 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Negroid 33 NA NA 18.2 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Parsi 90 NA NA 26.7 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pathan (Pashtun) 93 NA NA 10.8 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Sindhi 122 NA NA 12.3 [53]
Europe Albania Albanian 51 NA NA 9.8 [54]
Europe France French Basque 22 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Spain Spanish Basque 45 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Italy Calabrian 37 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Spain Catalan 24 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Italy Central/Northern 50 NA NA 4.0 [54]
Europe Croatia Croatian 58 NA NA 29.3 [54]
Europe Czech Republic/Slovakia Czech/Slovak 45 NA NA 26.7 [54]
Europe Netherlands Dutch 27 NA NA 3.7 [54]
Europe Georgia Georgian 63 NA NA 7.9 [54]
Europe Germany German 16 NA NA 6.2 [54]
Europe Greece Greek 76 NA NA 11.8 [54]
Europe Hungary Hungarian 45 NA NA 60.0 [54]
Middle East Lebanon Lebanese 31 NA NA 9.7 [54]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonian 20 NA NA 35.0 [54]
Europe Poland Polish 55 NA NA 56.4 [54]
Europe Saami 24 NA NA 8.3 [54]
Europe Italy Sardinian 77 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Syria Syrian 20 NA NA 10.0 [54]
Europe Turkey Turkish 30 NA NA 6.6 [54]
Asia Russia Udmurt 43 NA NA 37.2 [54]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 50 NA NA 54.0 [54]
South Asia Pakistan 85 NA NA 16.5 [55]
South Asia India Rajput (of Rajasthan) 29 NA NA 31.3 [55]
South Asia Pakistan Southern 91 NA NA 31.9 [55]
Southeast Asia Cambodia 6 NA NA 0.0 [55]
East Asia China 128 NA NA 0.0 [55]
East Asia Japan 23 NA NA 0.0 [55]
North Asia Siberia 18 NA NA 0.0 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) 64 NA NA 0.0 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Dravidian) 18 NA NA 2.8 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) 87 NA NA 4.6 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Indo-European) 21 NA NA 19.1 [55]
South Asia India Dravidian Upper Caste 59 NA NA 28.8 [55]
South Asia India Dravidian Middle Caste 85 NA NA 11.8 [55]
South Asia India Dravidian Lower Caste 29 NA NA 24.1 [55]
South Asia India Indo-European Upper Caste 86 NA NA 45.4 [55]
South Asia India Indo-European Middle Caste 48 NA NA 50.4 [55]
South Asia India Indo-European Lower Caste 50 NA NA 26.0 [55]
South Asia India Kashmiri Gujars 49 NA 0.00 40.86 [56]
South Asia India Kashmiri Pandits 51 NA 3.92 19.61 [56]
South Asia India Gujarat Brahmins 64 NA 0.00 32.81 [56]
South Asia India Bihar Paswan 27 NA 0.00 40.74 [56]
South Asia India Bihar Brahmins 38 NA 0.00 60.53 [56]
South Asia India Himachal Pradesh Brahmin 30 NA 0.00 47.37 [56]
South Asia India Indian Punjab Brahmins 49 NA 0.00 35.71 [56]
South Asia India West Bengal Brahmins 30 NA 0.00 72.22 [56]
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh Brahmins 31 NA 0.00 67.74 [56]
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh Kols 38 NA 0.00 14.81 [56]
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh Saharia 57 NA 22.8 28.07 [56]
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh Brahmins 42 NA 0.00 38.1 [56]
South Asia India Maharashtra Brahmins 32 NA 0.00 43.33 [56]
Europe Moldova Moldavians, Carahasani[57][58] 72 NA NA 34.7 [58]
Europe Moldava Moldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava 54 NA NA 20.4 [58]
Europe Romania Dniester-Carpathian region - NA NA 20.4 [58]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district 53 NA NA 41.5 [58]
Europe Moldava Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 NA NA 12.5 [58]
Europe Ukraine Gagauzes, Etulia 41 NA NA 26.8 [58]
East Asia China Dongxiang (Mongolian descent) 49 28.0 [59]
East Asia China Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent[59]) 52 NA 17.0 [59]
East Asia China Bo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent 47 NA 26.0 [59]
Caucasus Armenia Ararat 44 NA 0.00 0.0 [60]
Caucasus Armenia/Georgia \"Northern Armenians\" 189 NA 0.53 4.2 [60]
Caucasus Armenia Syunik (South Armenia) 140 NA 0.00 9.3 [60]
Caucasus Azerbaijan/Armenia Karabakh 215 NA 0.00 5.6 [60]
Middle East Iran Isfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent) 56 NA 0.00 1.8 [60]
Europe Turkey near Armenia 90 NA 1.11 3.3 [60]
Europe Turkey Istanbul University 173 NA 0.00 10.4 [60]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Baku 29 NA 0.00 10.3 [60]
Middle East Syria Damascus University 44 NA 0.00 2.3 [60]
Caucasus Georgia Tbilisi 68 NA 0.00 4.4 [60]
Europe Greece Athens 132 NA 0.00 6.1 [60]
Europe Mongolia soldiers mainly from Khalkh 402 NA 0.00 2.5 [60]
Europe Hungary 215 NA 1.40 24.2 [61]
Europe Wales North Wales 98 NA NA 1.0 [62]
Europe England English Midlands 136 NA NA 4.4 [62]
Europe England East Anglia 173 NA NA 4.6 [62]
Europe Netherlands Friesland 94 NA NA 7.4 [62]
Europe Norway 83 NA NA 21.7 [62]
Europe United Kingdom British 25 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Europe Scotland Orkney 26 NA NA 27.0 [24]
Europe Russia Pomor 28 NA NA 36.0 [24]
Europe Russia Russian, North 49 NA NA 43.0 [24]
Asia Russia Russian, Tashkent 89 NA NA 47.0 [24]
Europe Russia Kazan Tatar 38 NA NA 24.0 [24]
Europe Russia Saami 23 NA NA 22.0 [24]
Asia Russia Nenets 54 NA NA 11.0 [24]
Middle East Lebanon 50 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Middle East Iran Tehran 24 NA NA 4.0 [24]
Middle East Iran Shiraz 12 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Middle East Iran Esfahan 16 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Caucasus Georgia Svans (Svanetians) 25 NA NA 8.0 [24]
Caucasus Georgia Kazbegi 25 NA NA 4.0 [24]
Caucasus Georgia South Ossetians 17 NA NA 6.0 [24]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Lezgi in Azerbaijan 12 NA NA 8.0 [24]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 21 NA NA 10.0 [24]
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 47 NA NA 9.0 [24]
Central Asia Afghanistan Pashtuns 49 NA NA 51.02 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan Tajiks 56 NA NA 30.36 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan Hazara 60 NA NA 6.66 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan Uzbeks 17 NA NA 17.64 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan Balochs 13 NA NA 0.0 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan Nuristanis 5 NA NA 60.0 [63]
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmen 30 NA NA 7.0 [24]
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Kurd 17 NA NA 12.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Sinte Romani 15 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Iranian (Samarkand) 53 NA NA 11.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Tajik (Samarkand) 40 NA NA 25.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Arab Bukhara 42 NA NA 19.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Crimean Tartar 22 NA NA 32.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Karakalpak 44 NA NA 18.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Kashkadarya 19 NA NA 16.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Bukhara 58 NA NA 28.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Surkhandarya 68 NA NA 29.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Khorezm 70 NA NA 30.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Tashkent 43 NA NA 28.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Fergana Valley 63 NA NA 22.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Samarkand 45 NA NA 13.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan <<link:2>> (near Afghanistan) 25 NA NA 68.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan Bartangi 30 NA NA 40.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan Shugnan 44 NA NA 23.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan Yagnobi 31 NA NA 16.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Panjikent 22 NA NA 64.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Dushanbe 16 NA NA 19.0 [24]
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 52 NA NA 63.0 [24]
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Dungan (Sino-Tibetan) 40 NA NA 10.0 [24]
Central Asia Kazakhstan Kazakhs 54 NA NA 4.0 [24]
Central Asia Kazakhstan Uighur 41 NA NA 22.0 [24]
South Asia India South India Sourashtran 46 NA NA 39.0 [24]
South Asia India South India Kallar Dravidian 84 NA NA 4.0 [24]
South Asia India South India Yadhava 129 NA NA 13.0 [24]
North Asia Russia Tuvinian 42 NA NA 14.0 [24]
North Asia Mongolia 24 NA NA 4.0 [24]
East Asia Korea 45 NA NA 0.0 [24]
East Asia China Liqian from Yongchang 87 NA NA 1.1 [64]
East Asia China Yugur from Sunan in Gansu 52 NA NA 1.9 [64]
East Asia China Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai 39 NA NA 2.6 [64]
East Asia China Uyghurs from Urumqi 49 NA NA NA [64]
Europe Italy Sardinia 10 0.0 NA NA [65]
Europe England Cornwall 51 0.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Spain Basque 26 0.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Portugal Northern 328 0.0 NA NA [65]
North Africa Algeria 27 0.0 NA NA [65]
North Africa 129 0.0 NA NA [65]
North Africa Tunisia 'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba) 46 NA 4.3 4.3 [66]
Europe Finland 57 10.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Bulgaria 24 12.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Netherlands 84 13.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Germany Bavarian 80 15.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Sweden Gotlander 64 16.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Yugoslavian 100 16.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Russia Chuvash 17 18.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Sweden Northern 48 19.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Romania 45 20.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Iceland 28 21.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Saami 48 21.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Hungary 36 22.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Estonia 207 27.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Russia Mari 48 29.0 (Tambets disagrees) NA NA [65]
Europe Ukraine Ukraine 27 30.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Germany 30 30.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Norway 52 31.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Lithuania 38 34.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Slovenia 70 37.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Czech Republic 53 38.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Belarus 41 39.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Latvia 34 41.0 NA NA [65]
Asia Russia 122 47.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Slovakia 70 47.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Poland 112 54.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Ireland 57 1.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Ossetia 47 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Cyprus 45 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Italy 99 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Spain 126 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Portugal Southern 57 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Belgium 92 4.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Turkey 167 5.0 NA NA [65]
Europe France 40 5.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Georgia 64 6.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Armenia 89 6.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Denmark 56 7.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Scotland Western 120 7.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Scotland 43 7.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Greece 36 8.0 NA NA [65]
Europe England East Anglia 172 9.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Iceland 181 23.8 NA NA [67]
Europe Norway 112 17.9 NA NA [67]
Europe Sweden 110 17.3 NA NA [67]
Europe Denmark 12 16.7 NA NA [67]
Europe Ireland 222 0.5 NA NA [67]
Europe Scotland 61 6.6 NA NA [67]
Europe Britain 32 9.4 NA NA [67]
Europe Germany 32 9.4 NA NA [67]
Europe Greece 42 4.8 NA NA [67]
Europe Italy 332 2.7 NA NA [67]
Asia Russia 30 43.3 NA NA [67]
Europe Estonia 74 36.5 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia Komi-Permyaks 42 23.8 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia Russian (Perm) 37 43.2 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia - Mordovia Mordovian Erzya 46 39.1 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia - Mordovia Mordovian Moksi 46 21.7 NA NA [68]
Europe Estonia Estonia Russian 26 26.9 NA NA [68]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 6 50.0 NA NA [68]
Europe Bulgaria Bulgarian 808 17.5 NA NA [69]
Europe Turkey Northeast Turkish 11 18.2 NA NA [68]
Europe Turkey Central Anatolian 18 11.1 NA NA [68]
Europe Turkey Southwest Turkish 29 10.3 NA NA [68]
Europe Turkey Southeast Turkish 13 15.4 NA NA [68]
Europe Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 22 13.6 NA NA [68]
Middle East Talysh 20 10.0 NA NA [68]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azeri 24 12.5 NA NA [68]
Europe Croatia Mainland 108 34.3 NA NA [70]
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Bosnians 69 24.6 NA NA [70]
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Herzogivinians 141 12.1 NA NA [70]
Europe Serbia Serbians 113 15.9 NA NA [70]
Europe Kosova Albanians 114 4.4 NA NA [70]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonians 79 15.2 NA NA [70]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Romani 57 1.8 NA NA [70]
Europe Croatia Mainland 109 33.9 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Krk 74 28.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Brač 49 13.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Hvar 91 8.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Korčula 134 27.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Russia North 380 34.20 NA NA [71]
Europe Russia Central 364 46.50 NA NA [71]
Europe Russia South 484 55.40 NA NA [71]
Europe Portugal 553 1.27 NA NA [72]
Europe Sweden Swedes 141 18.4 NA NA [73]
Europe Estonia Estonians 209 33.5 NA NA [73]
Europe Latvia Latvians 86 38.4 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Mari 111 47.7 (Rosser disagrees) NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Mordvin 83 26.5 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Komi 94 33 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Udmurt 87 10.3 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Chuvash 79 31.6 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Volga Tatars 126 34.1 NA NA [73]
Europe France French 61 0 NA NA [73]
Europe Hungary Hungarians 113 20.4 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Russians 61 42.6 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Khant 47 4.3 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Nganasan 38 0 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Nenets 148 0 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Selkup 131 19.1 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Ket 48 0 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Dolgan 67 16.4 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Yakut 155 1.9 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Buryat 81 1.2 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Evenk 96 1 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Evens 31 6.5 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Altaians 98 46.9 NA NA [73]
Europe Norway Norwegians 72 23.6 NA NA [73]
Europe Denmark Danes 194 16.5 NA NA [74]
Europe Turkey Kurds Zazaki speakers 27 NA NA 25.9 [75]
Europe Turkey Kurds Kurmanji speakers 87 NA NA 12.7 [75]
Middle East Iraq Kurds 95 NA NA 11.6 [76]
Caucasus Georgia Kurds 25 NA NA 0.0 [75]
Middle East Jordan Amman 101 NA NA 2.0 [77]
Middle East Jordan Dead Sea 45 NA NA 0.0 [77]
Middle East Iraq Baghdad, different ethnic groups 139 NA NA [78]
Europe Russia Arkhangelsk 28 NA 0.00 17.9 [79]
North Asia Russia Khanty 27 NA 0.00 14.8 [79]
Europe Russia (Komi Republic) Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District 54 NA 0.00 29.6 [79]
Europe Russia (Komi Republic) Komi from Priluzsky District 49 NA 0.00 32.7 [79]
Europe Russia Kursk region Russian 40 NA 0.00 52.5 [79]
Europe Russia Tver region Russian 38 NA 0.00 57.9 [79]
R1b frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continent Population #No. Total% R-P25* R-V88 R-M269 R-M73
Africa Northern Africa 691 5.9% 0.0% 5.2% 0.7% 0.0%
Africa Central Sahel Region 461 23.0% 0.0% 23.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Western Africa 123 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Eastern Africa 442 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Southern Africa 105 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Europe Western Europeans 465 57.8% 0.0% 0.0% 57.8% 0.0%
Europe North western Europeans 43 55.8% 0.0% 0.0% 55.8% 0.0%
Europe Central Europeans 77 42.9% 0.0% 0.0% 42.9% 0.0%
Europe North Eastern Europeans 74 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0%
Europe Russians 60 6.7% 0.0% 0.0% 6.7% 0.0%
Europe Eastern Europeans 149 20.8% 0.0% 0.0% 20.8% 0.0%
Europe South eastern Europeans 510 13.1% 0.0% 0.2% 12.9% 0.0%
Asia Western Asians 328 5.8% 0.0% 0.3% 5.5% 0.0%
Asia Southern Asians 288 4.8% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 3.1%
Asia South eastern Asians 10 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Asia North eastern Asians 30 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Asia Eastern Asians 156 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0%
TOTAL 5326
R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

Frequency of R2a (R-M124) in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations[55]
Tibeto-Burman Austro-Asiatic Dravidian Indo-European
Tribe 5.75% 10.94% 5.00% -
Lower Caste - - 13.79% 10.00%
Middle Caste - - 3.53% 18.75%
Upper Caste - - 10.17% 16.28%
Frequency of Haplogroup R2a (R-M124) in the Arab World from DNA studies
Count Sample Size R-M124 Frequency %
UAE[80] 8 217 3.69%
Qatar[81] 1 72 1.39%
Kuwait[82] 1 153 0.65%
Yemen[81] 1 104 0.96%
Jordan[77] 2 146 1.37%
Lebanon[83] 2 935 0.21%
Palestine[84] 1 49 2.04%
Egypt[85] 1 147 0.68%
R2b frequency Central-South Asia
R2b% Population
10.3% Burusho
6.8% Kalash
1.0% Pashtuns
3.4% Gujarat
0.63% Pakistan

P1a (P-B253, formerly P2)

The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P1a (P-B253).[9]

Notes

  1. ↑ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
  2. ↑ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
  3. ↑ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:
    "Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"

References

  1. ↑ "FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/A. 
  2. ↑ "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". 12 September 2020. https://dna-explained.com/2020/09/12/y-dna-haplogroup-p-gets-a-brand-new-root-plus-some-branches/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics 59 (9): 494–503. September 2014. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62. PMID 25078354.  and "Genetic diversity of four Filipino negrito populations from Luzon: comparison of male and female effective population sizes and differential integration of immigrants into Aeta and Agta communities". Human Biology 85 (1–3): 189–208. 2013. doi:10.3378/027.085.0310. PMID 24297226. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2057&context=humbiol. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (3): 369–373. March 2015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152. 
  5. ↑ "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (4): 843–848. January 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMID 16415161. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103..843S. 
  6. ↑ "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv: 000802. 2013. doi:10.1101/000802. http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/11/22/000802.1. 
  7. ↑ Estes, Roberta (12 September 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". https://dna-explained.com/2020/09/12/y-dna-haplogroup-p-gets-a-brand-new-root-plus-some-branches/. 
  8. ↑ "P YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/P/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Estes, Roberta (2020-09-12). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches" (in en-US). https://dna-explained.com/2020/09/12/y-dna-haplogroup-p-gets-a-brand-new-root-plus-some-branches/. 
  10. ↑ "P YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/P/. 
  11. ↑ "Inferring human history in East Asia from Y chromosomes". Investigative Genetics 4 (1): 11. June 2013. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-4-11. PMID 23731529. 
  12. ↑ This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics 140 (2): 299–307. February 2021. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMID 32666166. 
  14. ↑ (in en) Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. 20 November 2007. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=NWgDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT79.  "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
  15. ↑ "P YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/P/. 
  16. ↑ Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter et al. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" (in en). Nature 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31168093. Bibcode: 2019Natur.570..182S. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1279-z. 
  17. ↑ "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia". Science 361 (6397): 88–92. July 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aat3628. PMID 29976827. Bibcode: 2018Sci...361...88M. 
  18. ↑ Estes, Roberta (12 September 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". https://dna-explained.com/2020/09/12/y-dna-haplogroup-p-gets-a-brand-new-root-plus-some-branches/. 
  19. ↑ "P YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/P/. 
  20. ↑ "Early human dispersals within the Americas". Science 362 (6419). December 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aav2621. PMID 30409807. Bibcode: 2018Sci...362.2621M. https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/162046602/eaav2621.full.pdf.  See Supplementary Materials, Table S9
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions". Human Genetics 118 (5): 591–604. January 2006. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y. PMID 16261343. 
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 "The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (1): 192–206. January 2002. doi:10.1086/338457. PMID 11731934. 
  23. ↑ "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics 172 (4): 2431–2439. April 2006. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMID 16489223. 
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.28 24.29 24.30 24.31 24.32 24.33 24.34 24.35 24.36 24.37 24.38 24.39 24.40 24.41 24.42 24.43 24.44 24.45 24.46 24.47 24.48 24.49 24.50 24.51 "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (18): 10244–10249. August 2001. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMID 11526236. Bibcode: 2001PNAS...9810244W. 
  25. ↑ "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene 346: 63–70. February 2005. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reddy_2007
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 27.15 27.16 27.17 27.18 27.19 27.20 27.21 "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics 68 (Pt 3): 205–221. May 2004. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Close genetic relationship between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking groups in Iran". Annals of Human Genetics 72 (Pt 2): 241–252. March 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00413.x. PMID 18205892. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity 61 (3): 132–143. 2006. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 268 (1472): 1197–1206. June 2001. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1610. PMID 11375109. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates". European Journal of Human Genetics 11 (7): 535–542. July 2003. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (4): 843–848. January 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMID 16415161. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103..843S. 
  33. ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 33.14 33.15 33.16 33.17 33.18 33.19 33.20 33.21 33.22 33.23 33.24 33.25 33.26 33.27 33.28 33.29 33.30 33.31 33.32 33.33 33.34 33.35 33.36 33.37 33.38 33.39 33.40 33.41 33.42 33.43 33.44 33.45 33.46 33.47 33.48 33.49 33.50 33.51 33.52 33.53 33.54 33.55 33.56 33.57 33.58 33.59 33.60 33.61 33.62 33.63 33.64 33.65 33.66 33.67 33.68 33.69 33.70 "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (4): 479–484. April 2010. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMID 19888303. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (1): 124–131. January 2015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMID 24667786. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Lithuanians". Annals of Human Genetics 68 (Pt 5): 438–452. September 2004. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 "Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway". Forensic Science International 164 (1): 10–19. December 2006. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009. PMID 16337760. 
  37. ↑ "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (6): 725–736. December 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMID 19061982. 
  38. ↑ 38.00 38.01 38.02 38.03 38.04 38.05 38.06 38.07 38.08 38.09 38.10 38.11 38.12 38.13 38.14 38.15 38.16 "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (6): 820–830. June 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMID 19107149. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.9 "Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries". American Journal of Human Genetics 73 (4): 768–779. October 2003. doi:10.1086/378506. PMID 13680527. 
  40. ↑ 40.00 40.01 40.02 40.03 40.04 40.05 40.06 40.07 40.08 40.09 40.10 40.11 40.12 40.13 40.14 40.15 40.16 40.17 40.18 40.19 40.20 40.21 40.22 40.23 40.24 40.25 40.26 40.27 "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles". Current Biology 13 (11): 979–984. May 2003. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00373-7. PMID 12781138. 
  41. ↑ "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics 114 (2): 127–148. January 2004. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639. 
  42. ↑ "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (1): 91–99. January 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMID 18685561. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (1): 121–126. January 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMID 17047675. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 154. July 2009. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMID 19573232. Bibcode: 2009BMCEE...9..154F. 
  45. ↑ 45.00 45.01 45.02 45.03 45.04 45.05 45.06 45.07 45.08 45.09 45.10 45.11 45.12 "Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis". Human Genetics 117 (5): 428–443. September 2005. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-1333-9. PMID 15959808. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics 72 (Pt 2): 205–214. March 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (4): 485–493. April 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769. PMID 17264870. 
  48. ↑ "Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups.". Russian Journal of Genetics 40 (3): 326–331. March 2004. doi:10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f. 
  49. ↑ "Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians.". Russian Journal of Genetics 41 (8): 928–931. August 2005. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. PMID 16161635. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 "Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups.". Russian Journal of Genetics 43 (5): 551–562. May 2007. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 "Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England". Molecular Biology and Evolution 25 (2): 301–309. February 2008. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm255. PMID 18032405. "Samples ascertained on the basis of two generations of residence were compared with independent samples based on known ancestry in the region, plus the possession of a surname known from historical records to have been present there in medieval times.". 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.7 "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 313–332. February 2003. doi:10.1086/346068. PMID 12536373. 
  53. ↑ 53.00 53.01 53.02 53.03 53.04 53.05 53.06 53.07 53.08 53.09 53.10 "Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (5): 1107–1124. May 2002. doi:10.1086/339929. PMID 11898125. 
  54. ↑ 54.00 54.01 54.02 54.03 54.04 54.05 54.06 54.07 54.08 54.09 54.10 54.11 54.12 54.13 54.14 54.15 54.16 54.17 54.18 54.19 54.20 54.21 "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1023–1034. May 2004. doi:10.1086/386295. PMID 15069642. 
  55. ↑ 55.00 55.01 55.02 55.03 55.04 55.05 55.06 55.07 55.08 55.09 55.10 55.11 55.12 55.13 55.14 55.15 55.16 55.17 "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2): 202–221. February 2006. doi:10.1086/499411. PMID 16400607. 
  56. ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 56.10 56.11 56.12 "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics 54 (1): 47–55. January 2009. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816. 
  57. ↑ The source (Varzari) gives location as Karahasani, Tighina district. The Ștefan Vodă District, where Carahasani, or Karahasani [sic], is located, was formerly (1998-2003) part of Tighina County. During this period, Tighina County was included as an administrative division of Moldava: "... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district."
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 Varzari A (July 2006). Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms (PDF) (PhD). Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Retrieved 30 September 2021. ... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district.:21
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang". Human Genetics 113 (3): 244–252. August 2003. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0948-y. PMID 12759817. 
  60. ↑ 60.00 60.01 60.02 60.03 60.04 60.05 60.06 60.07 60.08 60.09 60.10 60.11 "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Human Genetics 109 (6): 659–674. December 2001. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279. 
  61. ↑ "Haplogroup distribution of Hungarian population and the largest minority group.". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 1 (1): 383–5. August 2008. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.11.007. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (7): 1008–1021. July 2002. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160. PMID 12082121. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 63.5 "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE 7 (3): e34288. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMID 22470552. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...734288H. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 "Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspective". Journal of Human Genetics 52 (7): 584–591. 2007. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0155-0. PMID 17579807. 
  65. ↑ 65.00 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.04 65.05 65.06 65.07 65.08 65.09 65.10 65.11 65.12 65.13 65.14 65.15 65.16 65.17 65.18 65.19 65.20 65.21 65.22 65.23 65.24 65.25 65.26 65.27 65.28 65.29 65.30 65.31 65.32 65.33 65.34 65.35 65.36 65.37 65.38 65.39 65.40 65.41 65.42 65.43 65.44 65.45 65.46 "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–1543. December 2000. doi:10.1086/316890. PMID 11078479. 
  66. ↑ "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia". Journal of Human Genetics 56 (10): 734–741. October 2011. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.92. PMID 21833004. 
  67. ↑ 67.00 67.01 67.02 67.03 67.04 67.05 67.06 67.07 67.08 67.09 67.10 "Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland". American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (3): 697–717. September 2000. doi:10.1086/303046. PMID 10931763. 
  68. ↑ 68.00 68.01 68.02 68.03 68.04 68.05 68.06 68.07 68.08 68.09 68.10 68.11 68.12 68.13 "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics 115 (5): 357–371. October 2004. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. 
  69. ↑ "Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry". PLOS ONE 8 (3): e56779. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMID 23483890. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...856779K. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.6 "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (10): 1964–1975. October 2005. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (1): 236–250. January 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMID 18179905. 
  72. ↑ "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics 69 (Pt 4): 443–454. July 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. PMID 15996172. 
  73. ↑ 73.00 73.01 73.02 73.03 73.04 73.05 73.06 73.07 73.08 73.09 73.10 73.11 73.12 73.13 73.14 73.15 73.16 73.17 73.18 73.19 73.20 73.21 73.22 73.23 "The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (4): 661–682. April 2004. doi:10.1086/383203. PMID 15024688. 
  74. ↑ "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis.". International Congress Series (Elsevier) 1261: 347–349. April 2004. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 "MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups". Annals of Human Genetics 69 (Pt 4): 401–412. July 2005. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. 
  76. ↑ "Human Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Kurdish population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine 112 (3): 181–183. 1999. doi:10.1007/s004140050228. PMID 10335882. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics 50 (9): 435–441. 2005. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507. 
  78. ↑ |"Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations.". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (3): 458–72. September 2003. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 "Y-chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (10): 1260–1273. October 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. PMID 19259129. 
  80. ↑ "Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity". Human Heredity 68 (1): 45–54. 2009. doi:10.1159/000210448. PMID 19339785. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman.". European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (3): 374–386. March 2008. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816. 
  82. ↑ "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait". Heredity 103 (5): 425–433. November 2009. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.72. PMID 19639002. 
  83. ↑ "Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events". American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (4): 873–882. April 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMID 18374297. 
  84. ↑ "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (1): 95–101. January 2011. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146. PMID 20736979. 
  85. ↑ "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (3): 532–544. March 2004. doi:10.1086/382286. PMID 14973781. 

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