Biology:Haplogroup R-Z18
R-Z18 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of Haplogroup R. It includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome.
Description
Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735[1] along the Y chromosome that has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A). R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in coastal Western Europe, but Z18 only makes up about 5-10% of R-U106.
Discovery
Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project[2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651.[3]
Distribution
R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Scandinavia, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, Central Europe, and the British Isles.[4] The likely Scandinavian origins of R-Z18 are bolstered by the dominance of Scandinavian individuals among ancient DNA samples. These consist of individuals found in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland; settlers in Orkney and the Isle of Man; executed Scandinavians found in Oxfordshire and Dorset; and a Lombard individual found in what is now Hungary.[5][6][7][8]
On the basis of genetic results, the first carrier of this mutation lived around 2200 B.C., with a 90% confidence range of 3000 B.C. to 1400 B.C.[9]
Subclades
Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17.[10] Although they continue to increase as more are found.
See Also
- Atlantic Modal Haplotype
- Genealogical DNA test
- Haplogroup R1b
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Prehistoric Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
References
- ↑ This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/
- ↑ 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/
- ↑ National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651
- ↑ McDonald, Iain. "U106 explored: its relationships, geography, and history". https://r1bu106.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/u106-geography-2015-revised.pdf.
- ↑ "Population genomics of the Viking world". 2020. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/07/17/703405.full.pdf.
- ↑ "Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town". 2018. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30844-3#%20.
- ↑ Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna; Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D.; Jagadeesan, Anuradha; Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B.; Thordardóttir, Elísabet L.; Einarsdóttir, Margrét S.; Moore, Kristjan H. S. et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population". Science 360 (6392): 1028–1032. doi:10.1126/science.aar2625. PMID 29853688. Bibcode: 2018Sci...360.1028E. https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aar2625.
- ↑ Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G.; Vai, Stefania; Posth, Cosimo; Modi, Alessandra; Koncz, István; Hakenbeck, Susanne; La Rocca, Maria Cristina; Mende, Balazs et al. (2018). "Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics". Nature Communications 9 (1): 3547. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4. PMID 30206220. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.3547A.
- ↑ Based on an analysis of the SNP mutations found in 510 reconstructed partial Y chromosome sequences of known carriers of U106. Seventy-five of those Y-DNA sequences are known carriers of Z18. The analysis was performed by Dr. Iain McDonald and reported to the private R1b1c_U106-S21_Haplogroup Yahoo! Group on Nov 17, 2015. [1][|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/
External links
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