Biology:Hawaiian honeycreeper

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Short description: Subfamily of birds

Hawaiian honeycreeper
Iiwi.jpg
ʻIʻiwi (Drepanis coccinea)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genera

See text

Synonyms

Drepanididae
Drepanidini (see text)
Drepaniidae
Drepanidinae

Beak and tongue shapes of Hawaiian honeycreepers and the Mohoidae

Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches (Carpodacus), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last 2 centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes.[1][2]

Taxonomy

Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae,[3] other authorities considered them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch family. The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and American sparrows (Passerellidae) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today.[4][5] Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae.[2][6]

The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5.7-7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni'ihau and Kauai formed. The lineage of the recently extinct po'ouli (Melamprosops) was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late Pliocene, after the formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui. Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu.[7]

A phylogenetic tree of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here. Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement.[7][8]

 
 
 

†Melamprosops (the extinct poʻouli)

 
 
 
 

Paroreomyza (ʻalauahios and the extinct kākāwahie)

 
?

Oreomystis (ʻakikiki)

 
 
 
 
 
 

Loxioides (palila and the prehistoric Kauai palila)

 
?

†Rhodacanthis (the extinct koa-finches)

 
?

†Chloridops (the extinct Hawaiian grosbeaks)

 
 

Telespiza (Laysan & Nihoa finches, and several prehistoric species from the larger islands)

 
 
?
 

Psittirostra (the possibly extinct ʻōʻū)

 
 

†Dysmorodrepanis (the extinct Lanai hookbill)

 
 
 
 
 
 

†Ciridops (the extinct ʻula-ʻai-hāwane and stout-legged finch)

 
 
 

Drepanis (ʻiʻiwi and the extinct mamos)

 
 
 

Palmeria (ʻākohekohe)

 
 

Himatione (ʻapapane and the extinct Laysan honeycreeper)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Hemignathus (ʻakiapōlāʻau and the possibly extinct nukupuʻus)

 
?

†Akialoa (the extinct ʻakialoas)

 
 
 

Pseudonestor (kiwikiu)

 
 
 
?

†Viridonia (greater ʻamakihi) (could fall anywhere within this clade)

 
 

Magumma (ʻanianiau)

 
 
 

Loxops ('akepas, ʻakekeʻe, and ʻalawī)

 
 

Chlorodrepanis (lesser ʻamakihis)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and forming the second most basal group is based on genetic and molecular evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when morphological evidence only is used, Paroreomyza is instead the second most basal genus, with Oreomystis being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers, as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as a squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that Paroreomyza does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum.[8]

Viridonia (containing the greater ʻamakihi) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater Hemignathus" radiation (a now-paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus, including Hemignathus, Akialoa, and Chlorodrepanis) and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis (containing the lesser ʻamakihis), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops (containing the 'akepas, ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawī).[8]

Characteristics

Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents".[9][10]

Today, the flowers of the native ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) are favored by a number of nectarivorous honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation, where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches. Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following the arrival of humans who introduced non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture.[11][12]

Genera and species

The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaiʻi (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778.

Subfamily Carduelinae

  • Drepanidini
    • Genus Aidemedia Olson & James, 1991 – straight thin bills, insectivores[13]
      • Aidemedia chascax Olson & James, 1991 – Oʻahu icterid-like gaper (prehistoric)
      • Aidemedia lutetiae Olson & James, 1991 – Maui Nui icterid-like gaper (prehistoric)
      • Aidemedia zanclops Olson & James, 1991 – sickle-billed gaper (prehistoric)
    • Genus Akialoa Olson & James, 1995 – pointed, long and down-curved bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous
    • Genus Chloridops Wilson, 1888 – thick-billed, hard seed (e.g. Myoporum sandwicense) specialist
      • Chloridops kona Wilson, 1888 – Kona grosbeak (extinct, 1894)
      • Chloridops regiskongi – King Kong grosbeak (prehistoric)
      • Chloridops wahi – wahi grosbeak (prehistoric)
    • Genus Chlorodrepanis Olson & James, 1995 – pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
    • Genus Ciridops Newton, 1892 – finch-like, fed on fruit of Pritchardia species
      • Ciridops anna Dole, 1879 – ʻula-ʻai-hāwane (extinct, 1892 or 1937)
      • Ciridops tenax Olson & James, 1991 stout-legged finch (prehistoric)
    • Genus Drepanis Temminck, 1820 – down-curved bills, nectarivores
    • Genus Dysmorodrepanis Perkins, 1919 – pincer-like bill, possibly snail specialist
      • Dysmorodrepanis munroi Perkins, 1919 – Lanaʻi hookbill (extinct, 1918)
    • Genus Hemignathus Lichtenstein, 1839 – pointed or long and down-curved bills, insectivorous
    • Genus Himatione – thin-billed, nectarivorous
    • Genus Loxioides Oustalet, 1877 – finch-like, Fabales seed specialists
      • Loxioides bailleui Oustalet, 1877 – palila
      • Loxioides kikuichi Olson & James, 2006 – Kaua'i palila (prehistoric, possibly survived to the early 18th century)
    • Genus Loxops – small pointed bills with the tips slightly crossed, insectivorous
    • Genus Magumma - small pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
      • Magumma parva Stejneger, 1887 - ʻanianiau
    • Genus Melamprosops Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – short pointed bill, insectivorous and snail specialist
      • Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – poʻouli (extinct, 2004)
    • Genus Oreomystis Wilson, 1891 – short pointed bills, insectivorous
      • Oreomystis bairdi Stejneger, 1887 – ʻakikiki
    • Genus Orthiospiza – large weak bill, possibly soft seed or fruit specialist?
      • Orthiospiza howarthi James & Olson, 1991 - highland finch (prehistoric)
    • Genus Palmeria Rothschild, 1893 – thin-billed, nectarivorous, favors Metrosideros polymorpha
      • Palmeria dolei Wilson, 1891 – ʻakohekohe
    • Genus Paroreomyza – short pointed bills, insectivorous
    • Genus Pseudonestor – parrot-like bill, probes wood for insect larvae
    • Genus Psittirostra – slightly hooked bill, Freycinetia arborea fruit specialist
      • Psittirostra psittacea Gmelin, 1789 – ʻōʻū (probably extinct, 1998?)
    • Genus Rhodacanthis – large-billed, granivorous, legume specialists[15]
      • Rhodacanthis flaviceps Rothschild, 1892 – lesser koa-finch (extinct, 1891)
      • Rhodacanthis forfex James & Olson, 2005 – scissor-billed koa-finch (prehistoric)
      • Rhodacanthis litotes James & Olson, 2005 – primitive koa-finch (prehistoric)
      • Rhodacanthis palmeri Rothschild, 1892 – greater koa-finch (extinct, 1896)
    • Genus Telespiza Wilson, 1890 – finch-like, granivorous, opportunistic scavengers
    • Genus Vangulifer – flat rounded bills, possibly caught flying insects
      • Vangulifer mirandus – strange-billed finch (prehistoric)
      • Vangulifer neophasis – thin-billed finch (prehistoric)
    • Genus Viridonia
    • Genus Xestospiza James & Oslon, 1991 – cone-shaped bills, possibly insectivorous
      • Xestospiza conica James & Olson, 1991 – cone-billed finch (prehistoric)
      • Xestospiza fastigialis James & Olson, 1991 – ridge-billed finch (prehistoric)

Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes – Hemignathini, Psittirostrini, and Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such.

See also

Cited references

  1. ↑ Lerner, H.R.L.; Meyer, M.; James, H.F.; Fleischer, R.C. (2011). "Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. PMID 22018543. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825. http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Clements, J. 2007. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 6th ed. ISBN:978-0-7136-8695-1
  4. ↑ Dickinson, E, ed (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11701-0. 
  5. ↑ AOU Check-list of North American Birds Accessed 26 December 2007
  6. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). "Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers" (in en). Current Biology 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog". http://www.malamamaunakea.org/library/reference/index/refid/3146-a-consensus-taxonomy-for-the-hawaiian-honeycreepers. 
  9. ↑ Pratt, H Douglas (2002). The Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-854653-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=h8cdPD-YsosC. 
  10. ↑ Pratt, H. Douglas (1992). "Is the Poo-uli a Hawaiian Honeycreeper (Drepanidinae)?". The Condor (Cooper Ornithological Society) 94 (1): 172–180. doi:10.2307/1368806. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v094n01/p0172-p0180.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs 45 (45): 1–91. doi:10.2307/40166794. http://sora.unm.edu/node/169. 
  12. ↑ James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs 46 (46): 1–92. doi:10.2307/40166713. http://sora.unm.edu/node/170. 
  13. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2014). The Eponym Dictionary of Birds. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781472905741. https://books.google.com/books?id=En4wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30.  The genus Aidemedia is named in honor of Joan Aidem.
  14. ↑ James, Helen F; Storrs L. Olson (2003). "A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii". The Auk 120 (4): 970–981. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0970:AGNSON2.0.CO;2]. 
  15. ↑ James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince (May 2008). "Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches". Diversity & Distributions 14 (3): 441–451. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x. Bibcode: 2008DivDi..14..441J. 

Other references

  • Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q904159 entry



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