Biology:Healing
Regarding physical trauma or disease suffered by an organism, healing involves the repairing of damaged tissue(s), organs and the biological system as a whole and resumption of (normal) functioning. Medicine includes the process by which the cells in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necrotic area and replace it with new living tissue. The replacement can happen in two ways: by regeneration in which the necrotic cells are replaced by new cells that form "like" tissue as was originally there; or by repair in which injured tissue is replaced with scar tissue. Most organs will heal using a mixture of both mechanisms.[1]
Within surgery, healing is more often referred to as recovery, and postoperative recovery has historically been viewed simply as restitution of function and readiness for discharge. More recently, it has been described as an energy‐requiring process to decrease physical symptoms, reach a level of emotional well‐being, regain functions, and re‐establish activities.[2]
Healing is also referred to in the context of the grieving process.[3]
Regeneration
Example
Genetics
Many genes play a role in healing.[4] For instance, in wound healing, P21 has been found to allow mammals to heal spontaneously. It even allows some mammals (like mice) to heal wounds without scars.[5][6] The LIN28 gene also plays a role in wound healing. It is dormant in most mammals.[7] Also, the proteins MG53 and TGF beta 1 play important roles in wound healing.[8]
Wound healing
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In response to an incision or wound, a wound healing cascade is unleashed. This cascade takes place in four phases: clot formation, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation.
Clotting phase
Inflammation phase
Proliferative phase
Maturation phase
Tissue damaged by inflammation
After inflammation has damaged tissue (when combatting bacterial infection for example) and pro-inflammatory eicosanoids have completed their function, healing proceeds in 4 phases.[9]
Recall phase
Resolution phase
Regeneration phase
Repair phase
See also
- Health
References
- ↑ Paul, Willi; Sharma, Chandra P. (2021-01-01), Sharma, Chandra P., ed., "Chapter 1 - Tissue and organ regeneration: An introduction", Regenerated Organs (Academic Press): pp. 3–9, ISBN 978-0-12-821085-7, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128210857000014, retrieved 2024-04-03
- ↑ Allvin, Renée; Berg, Katarina; Idvall, Ewa; Nilsson, Ulrica (March 2007). "Postoperative recovery: a concept analysis" (in en). Journal of Advanced Nursing 57 (5): 552–558. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04156.x. ISSN 0309-2402. PMID 17284272.
- ↑ "Emotional and Psychological Trauma - HelpGuide.org" (in en-US). https://www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/coping-with-emotional-and-psychological-trauma.htm.
- ↑ "Genetic analysis of a mammalian wound-healing trait". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (20): 11792–7. 1998. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.20.11792. PMID 9751744. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...9511792M.
- ↑ "Genetic discovery promises healing without scars". March 15, 2010. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/mar/15/mice-genetics-p21-heal-no-scar.
- ↑ Bedelbaeva, Khamilia; Snyder, Andrew; Gourevitch, Dmitri; Clark, Lise; Zhang, Xiang-Ming; Leferovich, John; Cheverud, James M.; Lieberman, Paul et al. (March 30, 2010). "Lack of p21 expression links cell cycle control and appendage regeneration in mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (13): 5845–5850. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000830107. PMID 20231440. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..107.5845B.
- ↑ Maron, Dina Fine. "New Limb Regeneration Insight Surprises Scientists". https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-limb-regeneration-ins/.
- ↑ "Gene identified that helps wound healing: New research on gene that regulates healing and may control scarring". https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160302135149.htm.
- ↑ The Anti-Inflammation Zone, Barry Sears, pages 230–233, 2005.
External links
- How wounds heal and tumors form With this simple Flash demonstration, Harvard professor Donald Ingber explains how wounds heal, why scars form, and how tumors develop. Presented by Children's Hospital Boston.
- Wound Healing and Repair
- Lorenz H.P. and Longaker M.T. Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Management. Stanford University Medical Center.
- Romo T. and McLaughlin L.A. 2003. Wound Healing, Skin. Emedicine.com.
- Rosenberg L. and de la Torre J. 2003. Wound Healing, Growth Factors. Emedicine.com.
- After the Injury- Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia
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