Biology:Ingerophrynus gollum
| Ingerophrynus gollum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Ingerophrynus |
| Species: | I. gollum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Ingerophrynus gollum | |
Ingerophrynus gollum (Gollum's toad[2][3]) is a toad species in the family Bufonidae, the true toads. It is endemic to the Peninsular Malaysia and has only been recorded from its type locality in the Endau-Rompin National Park, Johor.[1][4] However, I. gollum is genetically so close to Ingerophrynus divergens that its validity as a distinct species can be questioned.[4][5]
Etymology
It is called "gollum" with reference of the eponymous character of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien.[6][3]
Description
Three adult males in the type series measure 27–28 mm (1.06–1.10 in) in snout–vent length; females are unknown. The head is relatively large whereas the body and the limbs are slender. The tympanum is distinct. The parotoid gland is elongated, low in profile. Fingers are long with blunt tips. The toes are partially webbed. Skin of the flanks and the dorsum is covered with numerous warts. The ground color of the dorsum and the flanks is orange. The mid-dorsal stripe is white and prominent. The inter-orbital region is black. The dorsum has large, black warts. The ventrum is orange with dark blotches. The iris is gold. Males have median subgular vocal sac.[6]
The male advertisement call is a low, diphasic, raspy, coughing sound.[6]
Habitat and conservation
The type series was collected in closed-canopy lowland forest (46 m (151 ft) above sea level) in the early evening following brief periods of afternoon precipitation. Males were heard calling from a swampy area centered on a slow-moving, shallow stream. They were seated ≤0.5 m above the ground on dead vegetation along the streambed.[1][6] It is well protected within the national park. Outside the park, if it occurs there, its habitat is threatened by logging and agricultural expansion (especially oil palm plantations).[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2019). "Ingerophrynus gollum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T135802A91874517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T135802A91874517.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/135802/91874517. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ↑ "Ingerophrynus gollum". Amphibians and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia. http://www.amphibia.my/page.php?pageid=s_foundk&s_id=14&search1=Ingerophrynus%20gollum&species=Ingerophrynus%20gollum&submit=Search!.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Ingerophrynus gollum Grismer, 2007". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Ingerophrynus/Ingerophrynus-gollum.
- ↑ Chan, Kin Onn; Grismer, L. Lee (2019). "To split or not to split? Multilocus phylogeny and molecular species delimitation of southeast Asian toads (family: Bufonidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology 19: 95. doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1422-3.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Grismer, L. Lee (2007). "A new species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rain forest in southern peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Herpetology 41 (2): 225–230. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[225:ansoia2.0.co;2].
Wikidata ☰ Q102361 entry
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