Biology:Iris danfordiae

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Short description: Species of plant

Iris danfordiae
Iris danfordiae 20040207-0835-01.JPG
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Hermodactyloides
Section: Iris sect. Reticulatae
Species:
I. danfordiae
Binomial name
Iris danfordiae
(Baker) Boiss.
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Iris crociformis Iridodictyum danfordiae
  • (Baker) Nothdurft Bornm. ex Hausskn.
  • Freyn Juno danfordiae
  • Iris bornmuelleri (Baker) Klatt
  • Iris amasiana Hausskn.
  • Baker Xiphion danfordiae

Iris danfordiae, the dwarf iris or Danford iris, is a bulbous perennial plant in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is from Turkey in Asia. It has 2 gray-green or bluish green, thick leaves, short slender stem holding a scented flower, in shades of yellow. They are spotted olive-green or green and have a deep yellow or orange crest.

Description

Iris danfordiae has a narrowly ovoid,[3] bulb,[4] with whitish netted coats.[5]

It has 2 leaves (per bulb),[5][6] 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tall.[7] They are linear,[8] four-angled in cross section,[6][9] and gray-green,[8] or bluish green.[5] The leaves sometimes appear together with the flowers,[8] and sometimes after the flowers.[6]

It has a slender stem, that can grow up to between 7–15 cm (3–6 in) tall.[6][7][8] They hold 1 flower each.[5][8]

It is one of the first reticulata irises to bloom,[10][11] even blooming through the snow.[12] In early spring,[4][7] between January,[7] and March.[9]

It has fragrant (scented of honey,[10]) flowers,[13] in shades of yellow.[14] From bright yellow,[10][15][16] deep yellow,[8] to orange.[9] The flowers are 3–6 cm (1–2 in) in diameter.[8]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[17]:17 The falls are spathulate (spoon shaped),[8] and spotted olive-green,[8][9] or green.[6][11][16] In the centre of the falls is a deep yellow or orange crest.[14][10] The standards are vert short,[8][14] in some cases just bristles.[6][16]

Later after flowering, it produces a seed capsule.[8]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[17]:18 It was counted in 1959 by Randolph & Mitra as 2n=27, then in 1997 by Johnson & Brandham as 2n=18 and 27.[3][14]

Taxonomy

Iris danfordiae 5.JPG

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (aphylla) dan-FORD-ee-ay (danfordiae).[15] It is commonly known as dwarf iris,[18] buttercup Iris,[15] or Danford's iris.[15][9][19]

This species was introduced from Cilicia,[20] Turkey in 1876, by Mrs C. G. Danford (an English plant hunter of the Asia minor regions).[16][21]

It was first published and described as Xiphion danfordiae Baker and described by John Gilbert Baker in J. Bot. Vol.14 n page 265 in 1876.[3] It was then reclassified and published as Iris danfordiae by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 'Fl. Orient.' Vol.5 on page 124 in July 1882.[1][20]

Iris danfordiae is an accepted name by the RHS,[22] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 23 January 1989, then updated on 2 December 2004.[2]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia,[2] mainly Asia Minor.[9]

Range

It grows in the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey.[10][6][14]

Habitat

It grows on exposed dry rocky and sunny slopes, at the edges of coniferous forests or woods,[14] close to the snowline.[8][6] It is normally found at an altitude of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft) above sea level.[8][6]

Cultivation

Iris-danfordiae-flowers.jpg

It is cold hardy,[14] to between USDA Zones 5 - 9.[18][9][15] It is sometimes deemed less reliably perennial than other bulbs.[11]

It prefers to grow in neutral to alkaline soils, which are high in potassium and phosphate. It prefers sandy and well drained soils both in summer and winter.[12] It prefers positions in full sun.[8][15]

It is suitable for a rock or gravel garden or front of border.[23]

During mild season the bulb and plant is susceptible to slug damage.[6]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. Seeds are best grown by collecting dry, mature seed capsules, and sowing the seeds.[15]

Division, is carried out by lifting the main bulb and splitting into many bulblets,[6] that (once replanted) can take many years to reach flowering size.[6][24] This is best carried out when the foliage has died down.[25]

The bulbs should be planted deeply to flower reliably in later seasons.[10]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris danfordiae has the following cultivars: 'Atilla', 'Bornmülleri', 'Danfordiae Hort'.[3]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[15][26]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Iris danfordiae (Baker) Boiss. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321747. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Iris danfordiae | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 16 February 2018 }}
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Pries, R. (2 April 2010). "(SPEC) Iris danfordiae (Baker) Boissier". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). http://wiki.irises.org/Spec/SpecDanfordiae. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kelly D. Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts, p. 17, at Google Books
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dykes, William Rickatson (1913). The Genus Iris. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 "Iris danfordiae". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/danfordiae. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 66. ISBN 0715305395. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 Hoskovec, Ladislav (9 February 2014). "IRIS DANFORDIAE (Baker) Boiss. - Danford's iris" (in Czech). botany.cz. http://botany.cz/cs/iris-danfordiae/. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia, p. 575, at Google Books
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "Reticulata Irises". pacificbulbsociety.org. http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/ReticulataIrises. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Christine Skelmersdale Gardener's Guide to Bulbs, p. 145, at Google Books
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Diana Beresford-Kroeger Iris danfordiae, p. 84, at Google Books
  13. ↑ Martyn Cox RHS How to Grow Plants in Pots, p. 42, at Google Books
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Plotner, Will (12 February 2004). "Iris danfordiae". signa.org. http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-danfordiae. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 "Species Iris, Dwarf, Reticulated Iris, Buttercup Iris, Danford Iris". davesgarden.com. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55325/. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises". beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf. Retrieved 1 November 2014. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-730-9. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Dwarf Iris". theplantexpert.com. 12 October 2008. http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/DwarfIris.html. Retrieved 19 June 2014. 
  19. ↑ John Greenlee The American Meadow Garden: Creating a Natural Alternative to the Traditional Lawn, p. 116, at Google Books
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Iridaceae Iris danfordiae Boiss.". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438532-1. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  21. ↑ MATHEW, BRIAN (1 May 2007). "Irises: An expert reveals the secrets of growing the jewel-like reticulatas". hortmag.com. http://www.hortmag.com/plant-files/iris-reticulata. Retrieved 18 June 2014. 
  22. ↑ "Iris danfordiae". www.rhs.org.uk. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9235/Iris-danfordiae/Details. Retrieved 31 October 2014. 
  23. ↑ Leah Chester-Davis The Successful Gardener, p. 83, at Google Books
  24. ↑ "Iris". bbc.co.uk. 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/422.shtml. Retrieved 19 June 2014. 
  25. ↑ David Squire The Propagation Specialist: The Essential Guide to Raising New Plants for the home and garden, p. 66, at Google Books
  26. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource on www.skud.info). 2012 (Kulturvaxtdatabas)
  • Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 (F Turk)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 173-174.

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q1328370 entry



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