Biology:Iris spuria

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Short description: Species of plant

Iris spuria
Iris spuria.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Spuriae
Species:
I. spuria
Binomial name
Iris spuria
Synonyms[2]
  • Iris subbarbata (Klatt) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris spuria (L.) Medik.
  • Chamaeiris spuria var. danica (Dykes) M.B.Crespo
  • Iris cardiopetala Borbás
  • (Joó) Nyman Klatt
  • Retz. J.St.-Hil. ex Roem. & Schult. [Illegitimate]
  • Dykes (None known)
  • Joó (L.) Alef.
  • Xyridion reichenbachianum Iris spathulata
  • Iris spuria var. reichenbachiana Iris spuria var. subbarbata
  • Limniris spuria (Klatt) Klatt
  • Iris gueldenstadtiana subsp. subbarbata Iris reichenbachiana
  • Iris sordida Iris spathacea
  • Lam. [Illegitimate] (Klatt) Dykes
  • (Joó) Baker (L.) Fuss
  • (L.) Fourr. Xyridion spurium
  • Chamaeiris reichenbachiana Iris spuria var. danica
  • Iris spuria subsp. spuria Xiphion spurium

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila (now Iris halophila), Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana (now Iris halophile subsp. sogdiana) and Iris spuria subsp. notha (now Iris notha). It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

Description

It has a thin, slender rhizome,[3][4][5] that is about 2 cm in diameter,[6] fibrous and has a creeping habit.[4][7][8] Under the rhizome are wiry roots.[4]

The creeping habit creates compact clumps of plants.[9][10] They can reach over 90 cm (35 in) wide.[9]

It has erect, slender, sword-shaped, acuminate (ending in a point), glaucous green to blue green basal leaves.[11][12][13] They can grow up to between 25–90 cm (10–35 in) long and 5–12 mm wide.[14][15][16] They are normally nearly as long as the flowering stem.[17][18] After the plant has flowered and set seed, the leaves die in the late summer.[4]

It has a strong, erect, round stem,[11] that can reach up to between 50–80 cm (20–31 in) long.[19][20][21]

The stem has 1 or 2 lateral, upright branches,[3][11][22] or pedicels, which are about 2 cm long.[6]

The stem also has keeled, lanceolate, green, spathes (leaves of the flower bud) (or bracts).[8][11][12] These are 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long,[16] and have a membranous tip.[16][17][23] The upper cauline (on stem) leaves are shorter than internodes.[12][16]

The stems (and branches) hold 1–4 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[5][24][25] in summer,[13][23][22] between May and July.[10][14][15] They flower after Iris germanica and are similar in form to Iris x hollandica.[10]

It has large,[13] lightly scented,[10] flowers that are up to 6–12 cm (2–5 in) in diameter,[9][14][23] and they come in shades of lilac,[14][16][26] mauve-blue,[19] violet-blue,[3][5][8] purple-blue,[10][15][22] violet,[18][20] or blue.[13][18]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[27] The falls are broadly ovate, elliptic, or orbicular with a long claw (section leading to the stem).[16][23][24] The fall is 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long,[5][16][23] and 2.5 cm wide.[7] They have purple or violet veining,[19] and a central yellow or white stripe or signal area.[23][25][21]

The standards are short, lanceolate or oblanceolate, erect wavy, and 3–6 cm (1–2 in) long and 8–20 mm wide.[12][13][16]

It has a 7–10 mm long perianth tube,[16] the ovary has a long tapering beak,[11] which can be up to 40mm long.[7][16]

It has a narrow,[12] violet style,[6] 2.5 cm long violet-lilac stigmas,[7] 1.27 cm long anthers, which equal the filament length.[3][7]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong-ovate, hexagonal (2.5–4 cm long)[5][16]) seed capsule in September.[3][7][14] It has a long beak-like appendage on the top,[3][7][14] and 6 visible, longitudinal groves.[5][16] Inside the capsule, are light brown, angular seeds,[5][14] with a loose membranous testa (surface).[16]

Biochemistry

In 2002, a study was carried out on Iris spuria rhizomes, it found seven iridal-glycosides.[28]

In 2007, a chemical analysis was carried out on Iris spuria rhizomes, several compounds were isolated 12a-dehydrorotenoid 1, 11-dihydroxy-9, 10-methylenedioxy-12a-dehydrorotenoid, together with a new isoflavonoid glycoside tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl-4'-O-beta-glucoside, with 4 other known compounds, tectorigenin, tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl (1 --> 6) glucoside, tectoridin (a tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucoside) and tectorigenin-4'-O-beta-glucoside.[29][30]

In 2012, five Iris species (Iris pseudacorus, Iris crocea, Iris spuria, Iris orientalis and Iris ensata) were studied, to measure the flavonoids and phenolics content with the rhizomes. Iris pseudacorus had the highest content and Iris crocea had the lowest content.[31]

In May 2014, a study was carried out on the hepatoprotective activity of Iris spuria against paracetamol induced toxicity. [32]

In July 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section (Iris crocea, Iris ensata, Iris orientalis, Iris pseudacorus, Iris setosa, Iris sibirica with its cultivars 'Supernatural' and 'Whiskey White', Iris spuria and Iris versicolor) were studied to find 12 chemical compounds (flavonoids, phenols, quinones, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and proteins.[33]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[27] It has been counted several times; 2n=22, Westergaraard, 1938; 2n=22, Lenz & Day, 1963; 2n=40, Banerji, 1970; 2n=40, Sharma & Sar., 1971; 2n=40, Roy et al., 1988.[7] The chromosome count is normally stated as 2n=22.[21][34][35]

Taxonomy

Iris spuria illustration in:
Jakob Sturm: "Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen" Stuttgart (1796)
Illustration from William Curtis's The Botanical Magazine (V. 2), in 1790.

The Latin specific epithet spuria refers to 'spurious' meaning false.[36][37] Linnaeus thought that the plants were hybrids rather than a true species.[37][38]

It is written as 假鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as Jia Yuan Wei in Pinyin Chinese.[39]

In Czech, it is called Iris Iris žlutofialový.[5][17][34]

It is pronounced as 'EYE-ris SPUR-ee-uh'.[40]

Due to the wide distribution of the species, it has many different common names, including 'spurious iris',[25][41][42] 'false iris',[3][39] 'bastard iris',[8][15][43] 'blue iris' (in England),[44][45][1] 'butterfly iris' (also in England),[37][45][46] 'meadow marsh iris',[35] 'iris steppe',[35][47] 'iris des steppes' (in France),[46] 'Steppen-Schwertlilie' (in Germany),[46][47] and 'dansk iris' (in Sweden).[21][46] and 'salt iris' (also in Sweden).[46]

Another is 'seashore iris',[25][47][48] but this probably applies to Iris spuria subsp. maritima. Also 'salt iris',[46] and 'salt marsh iris',[45] but this applies to Iris halophila (formerly a subspecies).

It was first described in 1753 by Linnaeus, who described it in the first volume of Species Plantarum as being a German species.[49]

On 4 November 1876, John Gilbert Baker described the iris in The Gardeners' Chronicle on page 583.[7] An illustration of the iris was published in 1981 in Grey-Wilson and Mathew, Bulbs plate 28. It was then published in 1982 by P.J. Redoute in 'Liles and related flowers' (183).[23]

It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. demetrii (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now be re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila (now Iris halophila), Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana (now Iris halophila var. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha (now Iris notha).[2][7]

It has been grown and cultivated in Britain since 1573. It naturalised in south Lincolnshire in 1836. Another colony was growing in Dorset, but in 1972 it was deliberately vandalised and damaged fatally.[44]

It was originally found on 10 July 1955 growing in Limhamm, Skane in Sweden. It was later published in Botanical Notices in 1958.[8]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 20 April 1998, then updated on 1 December 2004.[46] (As of March 2015), Iris spuria is a 'tentatively accepted name' by the RHS.[42]

Distribution and habitat

Wild Iris Spuria in Behbahan
Wild Iris Spuria in Behbahan, Iran

Iris spuria is native to a very wide area, from Africa, to temperate and tropical Asia and Europe.[44][45][48]

Range

It is found within Africa, in Algeria.[7][46][50] Within temperate Asia, it is found in the Western Asia regions of Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey.[35][46][50] In the Caucasus regions, it is in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ciscaucasia and Dagestan.[46][50] and in the Russian, Siberian regions of Altay, Chelyabinsk, Gorno-Altay, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Tomsk.[46] In the Middle Asia regions of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia.[46] It is also found in China, with the provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang.[46] Within tropical Asia, it is found in the Indian sub-continental regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Pakistan .[46]

Within Europe, it is found in the northern European regions of Denmark and Sweden.[34][46][50] and in the middle European regions of Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and Hungary.[5][12][14] Within eastern European it is found in the regions of Moldova, Bashkortostan, Ukraine ,[16][46] and Serbia.[51] and in the southern European regions of Romania, France and Spain .[34][16][50]

It has been naturalized within New Zealand and the United Kingdom ,[46] in Lincolnshire.[52]

Habitat

Iris spuria grows on seasonally damp grasslands,[50] damp meadows (or pastures),[19][24][50] marshes,[9][24][50] alluvial plains,[5][50] swamps,[50] bogs,[50] maquis,[50] and salty flats.[50]

It also grows in saline soils.[14][15][16]

Wild Iris Spuria in Behbahan
Wild Iris Spuria in Behbahan

It can be found naturalised in damp, grassy places, by ditches, on banks and on roadside verges.[44]

Conservation

The iris is generally listed as of 'Least Concern' on 26 April 2013 in most European countries. But it is listed as rare or endangered in some.

In Russia, the digging up of wild iris rhizomes is strictly prohibited.[20]

In Sweden, it is rare and is only found on the coastal meadows in southern Sweden.[8] On the island of Saltholm, the colony was diminishing, before being protected.[12]

In Germany, it is rare and colonies are protected.[5][12]

In Serbia, it is also rare,[51] and within Hungary, colonies are also protected.[5]

In Czechoslovakia, it has mixed fortunes. In the region of Moravia, it is now regarded as extinct.[5][34] In the Slovak Republic, it is classified as a 'critically endangered' species, and listed in the Red Book, with the meadows to the north and east of Štúrovo, now protected.[34] It is currently found in about 10 locations in Podunajskej lowlands, near Komárno and Sturova Nitra.[5]

Cultivation

It is generally thought to be easy to grow.[10][37]

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 3 and Zone 9.[25][40][45] It is also hardy to European Zone H2.[23]

It is tolerant to most garden soils,[24] it will grow on wet soils, saline soils, and saline marshes.[9] It prefers well drained, humus rich soils.[13][22][37] It is tolerant of acid soils,[40] but prefers neutral soils.

It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade.[9][10][40] Although, shade reduces the flowering amount.[10][37]

They prefer hot and dry summers,[9][48] only requiring plenty of water during the spring.[40][48]

Like most species in the Spuria series, they do not like root disturbance.[9][10][37]

It is best planted from dormant rhizomes in autumn,[37] and deeper in the soil than Iris germanica.[10]

It can be used in borders or in beds for cut flower (for the house).[10] They create large full clumps of plants.[48]

Aphis newtoni Theobald can be found on Iris bloudowii, Iris latifolia, Iris spuria and Tigridia pavonia.[53] Also Dysaphis tulipae can be found on Iris spuria.[54] The iris is also the host plant of Mononychus punctumalbum (Herbst, 1784, iris seed weevil – a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris). The weevil lays its eggs within seed capsule of the iris, later the larva feeds on the seed and up to 2 other seeds, and then it pupates. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for aestivation (summer dormancy) and hibernation within the soil.[55]

Propagation

It can be pollinated by bees.[37]

It can also be propagated by division (of the rhizomes),[13] or by seed growing.[40] Growing by seeds gives a more reliable results.[20]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris spuria Cultivar 'April's Birthday'

Due to the wide range of species, (with various tolerances for heat, salt or cold resistance), they have been very useful to plant breeders.[20] Many of the modern cultivars have been breed with larger flowers in a wider range of colours than wild species.[37]

Known Iris spuria cultivars include; 'Adobe Sunset' (hybridized by McCown, 1976),[24][40] 'AJ Balfour',[24] 'Albulus',[7] 'Archie Owen' (hybridized by Hager, 1970),[27][40] 'Barbara's Kiss' (hybridized by McCown, 1981),[40] 'Belise' (hybridized by Simonet, 1964),[7][40] 'Belissinado' (hybridized by Corlew, 1988),[40] 'Betty Cooper' (hybridized by McCown, 1981),[40] Iris 'Betty My Love' (hybridized by Wickenkamp, 1988),[40] Iris 'Blue Lassie' (hybridized by Niswonger, 1978),[40] 'Cambridge Blue',[24] 'Cheroke Chief',[24][27] 'Clarke Cosgrove',[24] 'Custom Design',[24] 'Daenaensis',[7] 'Danica',[7] 'Dawn Candle',[24] 'Georgian Delicacy',[7] 'Halophila lutea',[7] 'Imperial Bronze',[24][27] 'Media Lux',[24] 'Norton Sunlight',[24] 'Protege',[24] 'Monspur', 'Premier',[24][38] and 'Red Clover'.[24]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and can cause stomach pains and vomiting if mistakenly ingested. Handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[40]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kavak, S. (2014). "Iris spuria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T200242A42327335. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T200242A42327335.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/200242/42327335. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Iris spuria L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322411. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Lat. Iris". agbina.com. http://www.agbina.com/site.xp/053051050124052052055.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises". beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Baby, Daniel (24 June 2009). "Iris spurio zlutofialovy iris – iris doubtful". botany.cz. http://botany.cz/cs/iris-spuria/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin and D. M. Moore Flora of the British Isles (3rd Edit. 1987), p. 554, at Google Books
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 Pries, Bob (20 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris spuria L.". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecSpuria. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "Iris spuria". linnaeus.nrm.se. http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/irida/iris/irisspu.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 "Iris". rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk. 13 February 2010. http://rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/hollies-new-improved-re-edited-repost.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 "Spuria IRIS – Iris bastard – Seashore Iris". jardinsmichelcorbeil.com. http://www.jardinsmichelcorbeil.com/produit/iris-spuria-iris-batard-seashore-iris/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris". beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 187, at Google Books
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 William RobinsonHardy Flowers (1878), p. 152, at Google Books
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 "Subgenus Xyridion (Xyridion) – Wood-iris rhizome". flower-iris.ru. http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/63/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 "Spuria IRIS – Iris bastard – Seashore Iris". luwg.rlp.de. http://www.luwg.rlp.de/icc/luwg/sub/d57/broker.jsp?uMen=63270808-0216-3401-be59-265f96529772&uCon=da791ce8-b536-0133-e2dc-fc638b249d68&uTem=aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-000000000012. 
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 Thomas Gaskell Tutin (editor)Flora Europaea, Vol.5, p. 89, at Google Books
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Bezkartáčkaté irises". zahradaweb.cz. 5 March 2012. http://zahradaweb.cz/bezkartackate-kosatce/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Spuria Irises". herbs2000. http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_ispuria.htm. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "Spuria iris". flowerlib.ru. http://flowerlib.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000035/st029.shtml. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Kramb, D. (2 October 2004). "Iris spuria". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-spuria. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Christopher Brickell (editor)RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (5th Edition, 2010), p. 613, at Google Books
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 255, at Google Books
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd.. pp. 225–227. ISBN 9780330327749. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia (2nd Edition, 1997), p. 577, at Google Books
  26. ↑ "Iris summary". pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. }
  28. ↑ Marnera, Franz-Josef; Singab, Abdel Nasser Badawi; Al-Azizib, Mohamed Mohamed; El-Emaryc, Nasr Ahmed; Scha¨ferd, Mathias (2002). "Iridal glycosides from Iris spuria (Zeal), cultivated in Egypt" (PDF). Phytochemistry 60 (10): 301–307. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00110-3. PMID 12031450. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11341896. Retrieved 6 June 2015. 
  29. ↑ Singab, A.N. (October 2007). "Flavonoids from Iris spuria (Zeal) cultivated in Egypt.". Arch Pharm Res 27 (10): 1023–1028. doi:10.1007/bf02975425. PMID 15554258. 
  30. ↑ John Buckingham and V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM, p. 639, at Google Books
  31. ↑ Kaššak, P (13 September 2012). "Total Flavonoids And Phenolics Content Of The Chosen Genus Iris Species". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60 (8): 119–126. doi:10.11118/actaun201260080119. 
  32. ↑ Akther, N.; Andrabi, K.; Nissar, A.; Ganaie, S.; Chandan, B.; Gupta, A.; Khuswant, M.; Sultana, S. et al. (2014). "Hepatoprotective activity of LC-ESI-MS standardized Iris spuria rhizome extract on its main bioactive constituents". Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 21 (10): 1202–1207. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.007. PMID 24877715. 
  33. ↑ Kaššák, Pavol (2014). "Screening of the chemical content of several Limniris group Irises". Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 3 (2): 11–14. http://www.phytojournal.com/vol3Issue2/Issue_jul_2014/7.1.pdf. Retrieved 2 February 2015. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Blazek, Milan. "Iris spuria and related species – the importance of culture". ibotky.cz. http://www.ibotky.cz/clanky/herbar-kosatce/132-iris-spuria-a-pribuzne-druhy-vyznam-pro-kulturu.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Stolley, Gregor. "The genus Iris in Germany (Gregor Stolley)". offene-naturfuehrer.de. http://offene-naturfuehrer.de/web/Die_Gattung_Iris_in_Deutschland_(Gregor_Stolley). 
  36. ↑ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). p. 299. ISBN 978-0304937219. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.9 Westcott-Gratton, Stephen. "Plant profile: Butterfly iris". canadiangardening.com. http://www.canadiangardening.com/plants/perennials/plant-profile-butterfly-iris/a/56502. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 62. ISBN 978-0715305393. https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Zhou, Jiaju; Guirong, Xie; Yan, Xinjian (26 August 2011). Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines – Molecular Structures, Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications. London: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-16740-9. 
  40. ↑ 40.00 40.01 40.02 40.03 40.04 40.05 40.06 40.07 40.08 40.09 40.10 40.11 40.12 40.13 40.14 "PlantFiles: Dykes Seashore Iris, Seashore Iris". davesgarden.com. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/119349/#b. 
  41. ↑ William Salisbury The Botanist's Companion: Or, An Introduction to the Knowledge of Practical Botany and the uses of plants, either growing wild in Great Britain, or cultivated for the purposes of agriculture, medicine, rural economy or the arts. (1816) , p. 172, at Google Books
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Iris spuria". rhs.org.uk. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9366/Iris-spuria/Details. 
  43. ↑ John Simms Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1818), p. 1506, at Google Books
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 "Iris spuria (Blue Iris)". brc.ac.uk. http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=node/2219. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 "Iris spuria Blue Iris". jardins-sans-secret.com. https://www.jardins-sans-secret.com/detail/4687/Iris-Spuria-Blue-Iris.html. 
  46. ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 46.15 46.16 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Iris spuria | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 27 February 2015 }}
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "German-English Dictionary: dykes seashore iris [Iris spuria"]. dict.cc. http://www.dict.cc/english-german/dykes+seashore+iris+%5BIris+spuria%5D.html. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 Allan M. Armitage Herbaceous Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture and Garden Attributes at Google Books
  49. ↑ "Iris spuria". Plant Name Details. IPNI. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439117-1. 
  50. ↑ 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 50.12 "Iris spuria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/200242/0. Retrieved 2 March 2014. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Vajgand, Dragan K.; Vajgand, Ljubica M.; Vajgand, Karlo A. (2003). "Iris spuria L. (Iridaceae) At Two New Localities In The Vojvodina Province". Proceedings for Natural Sciences 104: 83–89. http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0352-4906/2003/0352-49060304083V.pdf. Retrieved 27 February 2015. 
  52. ↑ Martin, W. Keble (1974). The Concise British Flora in Colour. Books Club Associates. p. 83. 
  53. ↑ Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002 Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002, p. 128, at Google Books
  54. ↑ R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, p. 553, at Google Books
  55. ↑ Gültekina, Levent; Korotyaevb, Boris A. (2012). "Ecological Description of Two Seed-Feeding Weevils of the Genus Mononychus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Iris iberica Hoffmann and Iris spuria L. in North-eastern Turkey". The Coleopterists Bulletin 66 (2): 155–161. doi:10.1649/072.066.0213. 

Sources

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  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. [= I. spuria subsp. musulmanica].
  • Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
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External links


Wikidata ☰ Q163083 entry



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