Biology:Iris setosa

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Short description: Species of flowering plant
Iris setosa
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Tripetalae
Species:
I. setosa
Binomial name
Iris setosa
Pall. ex Link
Synonyms[1]
  • Iris arctica Eastw.
  • Fisch. ex Sims (E.S.Anderson) Czerep.
  • Iris setosa var. setosa
  • Iris setosa var. interior
  • Iris brevicuspis E.S.Anderson
  • Franch. & Sav. Limniris setosa
  • Iris setosa subsp. interior (Pall. ex Link) Rodion.
  • Iris brachycuspis Fisch. ex Schult.
  • (E.S.Anderson) Hultén (Fisch. ex Sims) Alef.
  • Xyridion setosum Iris setosa var. platyrhyncha
  • (Pall. ex Link) Klatt Iris interior
  • Hultén Xiphion brachycuspis
  • Iris yedoensis Iris setosa subsp. setosa

Iris setosa, known as the beachhead iris or bristle-pointed iris, among other common names, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris of the family Iridaceae. This species belongs to the subgenus Limniris and the series Tripetalae. The plant is a rhizomatous perennial found in a wide range across and below the Arctic Circle; this range includes the United States (Alaska and Maine), Canada (including British Columbia, Newfoundland, Quebec, and Yukon), Russia (including Siberia), China, Korea, and Japan. The plant has tall branching stems; mid-green leaves; and flowers that are violet, purple-blue, violet-blue, blue, or lavender (or rarely, pink or white).

Description

Iris setosa is similar in form to a miniature Japanese iris,[2] or a shorter-lived dwarf version of Iris sibirica.[3]

The shallowly rooted, large, branching rhizomes spread with time to create large clumps.[4][5][6] These rhizomes are grey-brown, thick, and covered with the remains of the previous season's fibrous leaves.[7][8][9]

Iris setosa has branched stems that are variable in height,[10] ranging from 10 cm (5 in) to 1 m (3 ft) tall.[6][3][4] The larger plants can grow beyond the height of the leaves.[2][8][11] The roundish stems are 1.5–9.0 cm (0.6–4 in) in diameter with 1 to 3 branches.[7][8]

Iris setosa has grass-like,[12] lanceolate (sword-shaped),[6][13] medium-green leaves[3][5][6] with a purple-tinged base.[5][8][9] The plant's leaves can measure 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long by 0.8–2.5 cm (0.3–1 in) wide.[5][6][13]

The plant bears 3–4 flowers per stem—for a total of between 6 and 13 on the whole plant—[3][10] in groups of 3.[11][12] It blooms between June and July.[14][15][16]

The large flowers measure 5–8 cm (3–6 in) across,[9] usually 7–8 cm (2.8–3.1 in). Depending on their location, they bloom in a range of shades including violet, purple-blue,[2][4] violet-blue,[17] blue,[12] and lavender.[7][10][13] Very occasionally, there are pink or white forms.[11][18]

Like other irises, the plant has two sets of three petals: three large sepals (outer petals), known as the "falls", and three smaller inner petals (or tepals), known as the "standards".[19] The sepals can be deeply veined dark purple with a yellow-white center, known as the "signal".[11][12] The small standards appear almost as bristles,[4][10] which gives the flower a flat, three-petaled appearance.[2][11]

The perianth tube (floral tube) is about 1 cm (0.4 in) long, normally dark blue-violet to red-purple with darker veins.[7][8]

The plant is self-fertilizing (a hermaphrodite) and can also be pollinated by insects. The stamens are about 2 cm (0.8 in) long with purple anthers, and the ovary is about 1 cm (0.4 in) long.[8][16]

After the flowers finish blooming, the seeds ripen between August and September.[7][16] These seeds are contained within a green seed capsule (measuring 2.5 cm by 1.25 cm), which is loculicidal[6][8] or cylindrical,[4][7] and it turns pale brown when it ripens.[4][9] It has six ribs along its sides.[7]

The pale-brown to dark-red seeds, about 2–3 mm in size, have a distinct raised raphe (tissue ridge) along the length of one edge.[7][8][9][18]

Biochemistry

In 2012, a genetic study was performed on Iris laevigata and several closely related species; these include Iris ensata, Iris setosa, Iris halophila, Iris scariosa, Iris potaninii, Iris tenuifolia, Iris bloudowii, and Iris sanguinea.[20] Flavonoids (a class of metabolites) have also been analysed from the flowers and leaves of the Iris japonica,[21] Iris pseudacorus,[22] Iris gracilipes,[23] and Iris setosa.[24][25]

Most irises are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes), and this characteristic can be used to identify hybrids and classify groupings.[19] Most Iris setosa specimens have a chromosome count of 2n=38,[18][26][27] which was determined by scientist Marc Simonet in 1934.[7][8][28] However, specimens from the Primorskii Krai region in Russia were found to have a chromosome count of 2n=28.[29]

Chromosomal research has found that a progenitor of Iris setosa and a progenitor of Iris virginica were the parents of Iris versicolor.[26]

Nomenclature and taxonomy

The name setosa is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hairy".[6] This refers to the true petals ("standards") of the flower, which—compared to other Iris species—are nearly imperceptible.[30][31]

Iris setosa has several common names, including the following:

  • beachhead iris, because of its tolerance for salt air or maritime conditions, as well as its growth upon rocky shorelines, especially in Canada[17][26]
  • wild flag iris[32]
  • Alaska iris[13][31]
  • Arctic Iris or dwarf Arctic iris, because of its growth in the Arctic Circle (its scientific name was once Iris arctica)[33][34]
  • Arctic blue flag[17][26][31]
  • bristle-pointed iris (in the UK)[10][35][36]

In Japan, the species is known as hiougi-ayame (檜扇菖蒲/ヒオウギアヤメ).[27] In China, it is called "shan yuan wei" (山鸢尾).[7]

The species is occasionally confused with Iris hookeri,[37] perhaps because several synonyms of Iris hookeri are Iris setosa variants: Iris setosa var. canadensis Foster; Iris setosa f. pallidiflora Fernald; Iris setosa subsp. pygmaea C.E.Lundstr.; and Iris setosa f. zonalis Eames.[38]

Iris setosa was first described by botanist Johann Link (based on an earlier description by botanist Peter Pallas) in Jahrbücher der Gewächskunde in Berlin and Leipzig during 1820.[39] The species was originally described from specimens found in eastern Siberia.[8][9] A second description was then published by botanist William Rickatson Dykes (Iris 1913, p. 92) as Iris brachycuspis.[1] In 1824, the species was also described as Iris brachycuspis by Stephan Fischer and published by John Sims in the Botanical Magazine. The names Iris brachycuspis and Iris setosa are now regarded as synonyms.[9]

Iris setosa is a name accepted by the Royal Horticultural Society, and it gained their Award of Garden Merit (RHS AGM).[35][40]

This species is one of the three Iris species in the Iris flower data set outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1936 paper "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems" as an example of linear discriminant analysis.[41]

Distribution and habitat

Range

The only Iris species that is native to both Asia and North America, Iris setosa has a circumarctic distribution.[4][15]

In the United States, the species ranges in Alaska from the northern Brooks Range to Southcentral Alaska and the coastal Aleutian Islands, and it is also found in Maine. In Canada, its range includes British Columbia, Newfoundland, Quebec, and the Yukon Territory.[14][17]

In Russia, the range of the species includes near the lower Lena River in Siberia. In China, its range includes Manchuria and eastern Jilin. In Japan, its range includes Hokkaido and extends southward to Honshu.[27] The species is also found in Korea.[25][30]

The form of Iris setosa that grows in Canada is thought to be slightly different from the Asian form. In Canada, the species is found as far south as the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and as far north as the estuary of Saint-Vallier, in Bellechasse County, Quebec.[4]

Iris setosa is found in many of Alaska's national parks—including Glacier Bay, Kobuk Valley, Lake Clark, Wrangell–St. Elias, Katmai, and Kenai Fjords—and in Acadia National Park in Maine, though the range of the species is not limited to national parks. In Alaska, it is only found south of the Brooks Range.[42]

In Japan, the species is present in large numbers in Akkeshi, in eastern Hokkaido, Japan.[43]

Habitat

Iris setosa is normally considered a wetland plant, but it grows well in dry soil, too. The species is tolerant of many kinds of habitats, and can therefore be found in several habitats: in meadows, bogs, and swamps; beside rivers, streams, and lakes (especially on rocky shores); on beaches, dunes, and headlands; and in light woodland.[14][17] The species can grow in gravelly soils and even sand.[4] However, it is normally found at 1,500–2,500 m (4,900–8,200 ft) above sea level.[7][15]

Conservation

In 2014, two varieties of Iris setosa—hondoensis and nasuensis—were listed as critically threatened in Japan.[44]

Cultivation

Iris setosa can adapt to various conditions, except heavy clay soils that dry out in summer.[19][31] The species prefers to grow in moist or wet soils;[2][6][17][16] in addition, it can tolerate bog conditions,[18][31] especially during the growing season, when it needs much moisture.[11][18] The species dislikes soils containing lime.[2][3][31] It prefers to grow in partial shade, because full sun risks drought conditions.[31][33][3]

The species is also suited to sunny portions of woodland gardens or bog gardens.[16] It is suitable for growing in front of a border.[clarification needed] Miniature versions are also suitable for rock gardens or sinks.[2]

As with other rhizomatous irises, the rhizome of Iris setosa should be planted with the top of the rhizome not covered by soil. If covered or planted too deep, the rhizome risks rotting.[33]

In mild temperate areas, the plant's leaves are evergreen and can survive a winter. However, if the leaves are trimmed before winter to reduce wind interference and root disturbance, new leaves will emerge in the spring.[33]

Some authors[who?] have suggested that irises are deer-proof. This is thought[by whom?] to be incorrect—it may be that leaves simply grow back after being eaten by deer.[31]

Aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus ornatus can be found on the plant.[45]

Hardiness

Iris setosa in Fukushima, Japan

Iris setosa is one of the hardiest species of irises,[11] but it does not grow as well in warm climates because of its need for a cold dormant period during winter.[18] As a native plant of Alaska, it is extremely tolerant of cold temperatures down to −30 °F (−34 °C).[31] The plant would only be killed if it never experienced a summer.[33]

The species is hardy to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Zone 3–7,[17] 3–8,[6] or 4–8,[16] but it may tolerate Zone 2 and Zone 9 under perfect conditions.[18][33]

Propagation

Iris setosa can be propagated by seed or by division.

As with all irises, this species can be difficult to propagate from seed (in the United States). It is easier to do so by rhizome divisions,[4] because the plant propagates naturally by rhizomes.[14] Division is best undertaken during spring and autumn if possible, ideally in September[11] (about 4–6 weeks after flowering).[16][33] This division can be done annually, but it is better to do so every third year, or whenever the plant has spread enough that its center no longer produces any flowering stems.[31] If the plant is only divided into thirds or quarters, the new divisions can be planted immediately; however, if it is divided into small sections to maximize propagation, these should be placed in a cold frame until the following spring, by which time they should have grown new roots.[16][31]

The species is easier to grow from seed in the United Kingdom,[3][clarification needed] because the seed requires a cold period (a freeze/thaw period).[11][14] Seeds of the iris can be shaken from the seed capsule during mid-August.[14] These seeds should be planted into beds or trays in a cold frame, sown into drills (furrows) 1/4 to 1/2 inch deep.[14] If not sown immediately, the seeds should be frozen for storage. In the spring, when they are large enough to handle, the seedlings should be extracted and placed into individual pots. These can then be grown in a greenhouse or a cold frame for their first year, and then planted in their permanent locations during late spring or early summer.[14] New plants should be planted in September.[2] It takes at least two years to grow a plant from seed to flowering plant.[14]

Hybrids and cultivars

In the wild, Iris setosa forms hybrids with I. versicolor, the larger blue flag iris. Specimens of such hybrids have been observed on Anticosti Island, Quebec.[4] Iris setosa also hybridizes very easily with other Iris species, including Siberian and Californian irises,[19] and is therefore often used by breeders of iris hybrids.[11]

Many variants are known around the world, including three in Japan, each only found in limited areas of Honshu island.[15]

Japanese variants

The hondoensis variety of Iris setosa was found in Hondo in 1930.[15] This variety has large purple flowers and is low-branching, robust, and approximately 80 cm (31 in) high. The variety is assumed[by whom?] to be a hybrid with Iris laevigata.[46] Var. hondoensis has chromosome numbers of 2n=54,[15] but it may be triploid.[8]

The nasuensis variety of Iris setosa, found near the city of Nasu, grows up to 1 m (39 in) tall. This variety has broader leaves than other varieties of Iris setosa and large flowers (similar to 'Iris laevigata'), but small bracts.[11][15] Like var. hondoensis, var. nasuensis has chromosome numbers of 2n=54,[15] but it may be triploid.[8]

Iris 'Shiga Ayame' is a hybrid of the two species Iris setosa and Iris sanguinea. The hybrid was found in the Shiga Highlands near the city of Nagano in 1930 by botanists Fumito Yokouchi and Genichi Koidzumi; it was named after the area where it was discovered. The inner perianths of this iris are an intermediate type between those of its two parents.[15]

Named cultivars of Iris setosa include the following:

  • 'Kosho-en' (1984)—with white flowers.[47][48]
  • 'Kirigamini'—with rich, velvety blue-purple flowers.[48][49]

Medicinal and other uses

Herbalists have used the rhizome of Iris setosa for centuries as an ingredient in various medicines (similarly to the use of orris roots).[12] However, all parts of Iris setosa are poisonous to humans when consumed raw. The rhizome contains iridin, which is an oleoresin; it can affect the liver and digestive organs, thereby causing vomiting, diarrhea, or allergic reactions such as severe rashes.[12][31] The plant has been used by Alaska Natives as an ingredient in a poison put on arrowheads.[14]

Although poisonous when eaten raw, the plant's starchy roots can be made safe for human consumption by cooking,[50][51][52] and the plant is cultivated in Japan for these edible roots.[53]

Some Inuit tribes in Alaska roast and grind the seeds of the iris for use as a coffee substitute.[52][54][55] The Aleuts have made a drink from the roots for use as a laxative,[56] though the Iñupiat people considered the whole plant poisonous.[14]

Some traditional healers have made the roots into a tincture to help soothe lymphatic swelling.[12] In addition, Iris setosa has been combined with Arnica plants to make an herbal oil to relieve bruises.[12]

The flower petals of Iris setosa can be used to create a violet-blue dye when the plant is used with a chrome mordant (or fixing agent).[12][56] These plants were also used[clarification needed] as a grass dye for baskets.[14] The rhizomes can also be used to extract a perfume, similar to the essence of violets.[13]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Iris setosa Pall. ex Link is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322366. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 18. ISBN 978-0715305393. https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 "Beachhead iris, beachhead flag". espacepourlavie.ca. http://espacepourlavie.ca/en/biodome-flora/beachhead-iris-beachhead-flag?lang=en. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Iris setosa: Wild Flag Iris". fs.fed.us. http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/iris/Blue_Flag/iris_setosa.shtml. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 "iris setosa". davisla.wordpress.com. 8 July 2013. http://davisla.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/plant-of-the-week-iris-setosa/. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 "IRIS Linnaeus". Flora of China. 2000. http://www.flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF24/iris.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 "FNA Vol. 26 Page 373, 380, 381". efloras.org. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200028212. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Christopher Bricknell, ed (1994). Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers, 7th Edition (Revised ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 523. ISBN 978-0751301472. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 "The Planzengattung Iris". orchideenkultur.net. http://www.orchideenkultur.net/index.php?topic=28569.30. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Fran Kelso and Frances Kelso Graham, Plant Lore of an Alaskan Island: Foraging in the Kodiak Archipelago, p. 101-102, at Google Books.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 "Iris setosa". wildflower.org. http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=IRSE. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 Hunt, Peggy; Wright, Stoney (17 July 2007). "Knik Germplasm wild iris Iris setosa Selected Class Release "Natural"". plants.alaska.gov. http://plants.alaska.gov.pdf.plant-flyers.FKnikwildiris.pdf. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Shimizu, Hiroshi. "Wild Iris Species in Japan". japan-iris.org. http://www.japan-iris.org/English/wild_iris.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 "Iris setosa - Pall.". pfaf.org/. http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+setosa. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 William Cullina, The New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating …, p. 128, at Google Books.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Kramb, D. (2 October 2004). "Iris setosa". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-setosa. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-0881927306. 
  20. ↑ Sun, Ming-Zhou; Li, Ming-Rui; Shi, Feng-Xue; Li, Lin; Liu, Ying; Li, Lin-Feng; Xiao, Hong-Xing (July 2012). "Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species". American Journal of Botany 99 (7): 286–288. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100608. PMID 22739712. Bibcode: 2012AmJB...99.e286S. 
  21. ↑ ARISAWA et al., 1973
  22. ↑ WILLIAMS et al., 1986
  23. ↑ HAYASHI et al., 1984
  24. ↑ HAYASHI, 1984
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Kašša, Pavol (13 September 2012). "Total flavonoids and phenolics content of the chosen genus Iris species". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis (Acta univ. agric. et silvic) 60 (8): 119–126. doi:10.11118/actaun201260080119. http://acta.mendelu.cz/60/8/0119/. Retrieved 7 November 2014. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 YOONG LIM, K.; MATYASEK, ROMAN; KOVARIK, ALES; LEITCH, ANDREW (25 June 2007). "Parental Origin and Genome Evolution in the Allopolyploid Iris versicolor". Annals of Botany (Annals of Botany 100) 100 (2): 219–224. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm116. PMID 17591610. Bibcode: 2007AnBot.100..219L. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Iris setosa". hosho.ees.hokudai.ac.jp. http://hosho.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/~tsuyu/top/plt/iris/iris/set.html. 
  28. ↑ "(SPEC) Iris setosa Pallas ex Link.". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecSetosa. 
  29. ↑ Karol Marhold, ed (December 2012). "IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 14". iopb.org. http://www.iopb.org/PDF/IAPT_IOPB_Chr_data14.pdf. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Juno irises S-Z". pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/JunoIrisesThree. 
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 "'Pristine Blue' Beachhead Iris or Arctic Flag". paghat.com. http://www.paghat.com/iris-pristineblue.html. 
  32. ↑ "Iris setosa Pall. ex Link var. interior E.S. Anderson wild flag". plants.usda.gov. http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=IRSEI2. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 Green, Doug. "ARCTIC IRIS ARE ONE OF MY FAVORITE PERENNIAL PLANTS". doug-greens-perennials.com. http://www.doug-greens-perennials.com/arctic-iris.htl. 
  34. ↑ "DWARF ARCTIC IRIS (IRIS SETOSA VAR. ARCTICA)". plant-library.homedepot.ca. http://plant-library.homedepot.ca/en/view/1932/iris/setosa-var-arctica?search=true. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Iris setosa". www.rhs.org.uk. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9355/Iris-setosa/Details. 
  36. ↑ "Tuviris". raysperennials.se. http://raysperennials.se/TUVIRIS.htm. 
  37. ↑ "Iris hookeri (Hooker's blue flag)". shootgardening.co.uk. http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/iris-hookeri. 
  38. ↑ "Iris hookeri Penny ex G.Don". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321948. 
  39. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris setosa Pall. ex Link". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439084-1. 
  40. ↑ "AGM Plants – Ornamental". Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 55. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf. 
  41. ↑ R. A. Fisher (1936). "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems". Annals of Eugenics 7 (2): 179–188. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x. http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/coll/special//fisher/138.pdf. Retrieved 2015-08-30. 
  42. ↑ Tim Johnson CRC Ethnobotany Desk Reference, p. 433, at Google Books
  43. ↑ Shoji, Atsushi; Hayashi, Haruo; Kohyama, Kazunori; Sasaki, Hiroyuki (March 2011). "Effects of horse grazing on plant species richness and abundance of Iris setosa in a boreal semi-natural grassland, Japan". Grassland Science 57 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1744-697X.2010.00201.x. Bibcode: 2011GraSc..57....1S. 
  44. ↑ "Red list". biodic.go.jp. http://www.biodic.go.jp/english/rdb/red_plants.csv. 
  45. ↑ R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, p. 553, at Google Books
  46. ↑ James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 344, at Google Books
  47. ↑ "(Spec) 'Kosho-En'". wiki.irises.org. http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecKoshoEn. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Tripetala Irises". herbs2000.com. http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_itripetala.htm. 
  49. ↑ "(Spec) 'Kirigamini'". wiki.irises.org. http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecKiragamini. 
  50. ↑ Tanaka, T. (1976). Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Yugaku-sha. 
  51. ↑ Kunkel, G.. Plants for Human Consumption. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Facciola, Stephen (1 November 1990). Cornucopia – A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications. 
  53. ↑ Hedrick, U. P. (February 1972). Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486204598. 
  54. ↑ Uphof, J. C.. The Dictionary of Economic Plants. 
  55. ↑ Usher, George (September 1974). A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Macmillan Pub. Co.. ISBN 978-0028538006. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Moerman, D. (2002). Native American Ethnobotany. Portland (Oregon): Timber Press. 

Sources

  • Artyukova, E.V.; Kozyrenko, M.M.; Ilyushko, M.V.; Zhuravlev, Y.N.; Reunova, G.D. (2001). "Genetic Variability of Iris setosa". Molecular Biology 35 (1): 134–138. doi:10.1023/A:1004823422785. 
  • Iwashina, T.; Ootani, S. (1995). "Polyphenols in Iris setosa var. canadensis and their chemotaxonomic comparisons with three Japanese varieties". Annals of the Tsukuba Botanical Garden 14: 35–41. 
  • Data related to Iris setosa at Wikispecies

Wikidata ☰ Q894226 entry



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