Biology:King cherry

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King cherry
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rosaceae
Genus:
Prunus
Subgenus:
Cerasus
Species:
Cerasus × nudiflora
Binomial name
Cerasus × nudiflora
(Koehne) T.Katsuki & Iketani[1]
Distribution of 33 King cherry trees in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island in 1998.
★ and ▲ represent Natural Monument No. 156 and No. 159 respectively.[2]

King cherry (Cerasus × nudiflora, 왕벚 wangbeoj, 왕벚나무 wangbeojnamu or 왕벚꽃 wangbeojkkoch) is a Korean native cherry tree originated from Jeju Island. It is a distinct species from Japanese native Yoshino cherry. King cherry is a rare plant and listed as an endangered species.[3][4] As of April 2017, 194 King cherry trees were growing around Mt. Halla in Jeju Island.[5] According to Gen-ichi Koidzumi, King cherry is erroneously believed to be discovered by a French missionary Emile Taquet although what he discovered was a different species.

There have been disputes over the origin of king cherry and Yoshino cherry. In 2007, a study conducted on the comparison of king cherry and Yoshino cherry concluded that these trees were categorized as distinct species.[6] However, South Korean media assert that King cherry is the same species as Yoshino cherry.[7][8][9][10] In Korea most of the places for cherry blossom festivals, including Yeouido and Jinhae, are still planted with Japanese Yoshino cherry trees.[11][12][13][14]

Name

In 1901, Yoshino cherry was given a scientific name Prunus Yedoensis by Jinzō Matsumura after its place of origin Yedo (current day Tokyo).[15] In the early 1900s, king cherry was thought to be the same species as Yoshino cherry, it is called Prunus yedoensis, the same scientific name as Yoshino cherry. After Ernest Henry Wilson suggested Yoshino cherry is a hybrid between Prunus subhirtella var. ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus lannesiana (Oshima zakura) in 1916,[16] Yoshino cherry became to be called Prunus × yedoensis.[17] However king cherry still remained to be called Prunus yedoensis which is originally given to Yoshino cherry. In 2016, Katsuki et al. proposed a new name Cerasus × nudiflora after King cherry was found to be a hybrid by Cho in 2014 and shown to be genetically distinct from Prunus × yedoensis.[1]

The Korean name wangbeojnamu (왕벚나무, king cherry) was created in 1963 when the Korean official plant resource survey team found three trees, until then it was called sakulanamu (사쿠라나무, sakura) or teolbeojnamu (털벚나무, hair cherry).[18][19][20][21] Wangbeojnamu means "king cherry tree" while wangbeojkkoch means "king cherry blossom". The Korean name wangbeojnamu or wangbeojkkoch does not distinguish Yoshino cherry from king cherry because they have been thought to be the same species. If necessary, Yoshino cherry is referred to as someiyoshino (소메이요시노), a transliteration of a Japanese name for Yoshino cherry.

Characteristics

King cherry is quite rare in number in its habitat. In 1908, a single tree was discovered in the north slope of Mt. Halla near Gwaneumsa Temple by Taquet although according to Koidzumi it was a different species.[22] In 1932, Koidzumi discovered a single tree in the south slope of Mt.Halla.[22] In 1962, the first Korean official plant resource survey team was established and found three trees. Next year in 1963, the team found another three trees.[21] In 1965, Han Chang-yeol reported that wild cherry trees which grow in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island are mostly Prunus subhirtella var. pendula form. ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus donarium (Yamazakura) and King cherry is rare in number, around 10 individuals, having been found in a half century. [23][Note 2] In 1998, Kim Chan-soo reported that 33 King cherry trees were found around Mt. Halla.[2] From March 2015 to October 2016, Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, Korea Forest Research Institute conducted a survey of king cherry on Mt. Halla. The center found 194 king cherry trees are growing in 173 locations. The trees are located at altitudes between 165 m and 853 m. The trees range 5–19 m in height, 15–145 cm in diameter and 15–265 year old.[5]

King cherry is morphologically similar to Yoshino cherry. When Yo Takenaka went to the Juju Island in 1933, he observed that the King cherry's hairs on calyx lobes and on the lower side of leaves were less numerous, and the peduncles were shorter.[24] In 1998, Chan-soo Kim studied the morphological variation on 18 characters in flowers, leaves, fruits, and seeds. Most characters of King cherry were smaller in size than those of Yoshino cherry although the limits of variation of the characters were somewhat wide in King cherry. The most prominent difference is that the calyx tube of Yoshino cherry is cup-shaped, whereas it is wedge-shaped in King cherry, in addition, the inflorescences of Yoshino cherry are corymbose while those of King cherry are umbelliferous.[2][25]

History

  • In 1908, a French missionary Taquet discovered a native cherry in Jeju islands.　In 1912, a German botanist Koehne gave it a scientific name of Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora as it deserves to be a separate variety from Yoshino cherry according to the variations observed.[26][Note 1] Although this species called Eishu zakura is a variation of Yoshino cherry, from then it was misrepresented that Yoshino cherry was growing naturally in Jeju Island.[22]
  • In 1916, Ernest Henry Wilson examined a specimen of King Cherry. He wrote "As far as I could judge it is undoubtedly a state of P. yedoensis Matsumura, ... To me the evidence is inconclusive, and I do not think the last word on the origin or native country of P. yedoensis Matsumura has yet been heard."[16]
  • In 1932, Koidzumi discovered that Yoshino cherry (currently identified as King cherry) along with the cherry which was found by Taquet were growing naturally and reported that Yoshino cherry is originated on Jeju island. Also Koidzumi identified that Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora which was found by Taquet and named by Koehne is an independent species from King cherry and named it Prunus nudiflora (Koehn) Koidz. nom. nov. (Eishu zakura)　which is a synonym of Prunus quelpaertensis Nakai (Tanna-yamazakura).[22][27] Korea National Arboretum lists this species as Jejubeojnam (제주벚나무, Jeju cherry), a distinct species from King cerry in its Korea Biodiversity Information System.[28]
  • In 1933, Takenaka visited Jeju island and observed the tree which Koidzumi found. The tree was growing wild, showed differences from P. yedoensis; the hairs on calyx lobes and on the lower side of leaves were less numerous, and the peduncles were shorter. He concluded that it could not be P. yedoensis.[24]
  • In 1962, Takenaka ruled out the possibility of Korean origin of Yoshino Cherry by the morphological study.[24][29]
  • In 2005, Yong-hwan Jung et al. conducted the phylogenetic analysis using sequences from both rbcL gene and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer of chloroplast DNA and concluded that King cherry and Yoshino cherry are clearly genetically distinguished from each other.[30][31][32]
  • In 2007, Mark S. Roh et al. analyzed King cherry and Yoshino cherry with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and sequence analysis of two chloroplast DNA　genes, rpl16 and trnL-trnF spacer and showed that king cherry can be considered indigenous and sufficiently distinct from Yoshino cherry to warrant recognition as a distinct entity. This study also confirmed that cherry trees in Washington, D.C. donated by Japan in 1912 are genetically distinct from King cherry trees despite the speculations by some Korean media.[6]
  • In 2016, Myong-suk Cho et al. conducted comparative phylogenetic analyses by generating the phylogeny (MP) and haplotype network (TCS) based on highly informative sequences of two cpDNA regions (rpl16 gene and trnS-trnG intergenic spacer). In this study, King cherry and Yoshino cherry were distinguished from each other in both the phylogeny and haplotype networks. Also it concluded that two old cherry trees in the yard of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Daegu which had been speculated to be King cherry transplanted from Jeju Island by Taquet are highly likely to be Yoshino cherry rather than King cherry.[33]
  • In 2016, Myong-suk Cho et al. performed the phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS data and the cpDNA haplotype network analysis and suggested that independent origin between king cherry and yoshino cherry, respectively.[34]
  • In 2017, Eun Ju Cheong et al. were able to distinguish two distinct groups, King cherry and Yoshino cherry, using sequence polymorphisms in eight chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) noncoding regions. This study also revealed that the three "Korean cherry trees" which had been planted on the campus of the American University by the former South Korean president Syngman Rhee in 1943 and have been believed to be King cherry[35] were Yoshino cherry not King cherry.[36]
  • In 2018, Seunghoon Baek et al. analyzed the genome of king cherry using long-read sequencing and sequence phasing and found king cherry is an F1 hybrid originating from a cross between maternal P. pendula f. ascendens and paternal P. jamasakura, and it can be clearly distinguished from Yoshino cherry.[37]

Putative parental species

  • In 1963, Takenaka assumed that King cherry might be a hybrid between Prunus subhirtella var. pendula form ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus quelpartensis Nakai (Tanna-yamazakura; perhaps a form of Prunus verecunda (Kasumizakura)) or some other cherry species.[24]
  • In 2014, Myong-suk Cho et al. reported that the nuclear (ITS/ETS and G3pdh) and cpDNA data, along with several morphological characteristics, provide the first convincing evidence for the hybrid origin of King cherry. The maternal parent was determined to be Prunus spachiana form ascendens (Edo higan), while the paternal parent was unresolved from the taxonomically complex Prunus serrulata (Yamazakura) / Prunus sargentii (Oyamazakura) clade.[38]
  • In 2016, Katsuki et al. proposed that King cherry have resulted from interspecific crosses between C. itosakura (=Prunus spachiana form ascendens) and C. sargentii based on the findings by Cho in 2014 considering the possibility of hybridization from the bloom time.[1]
  • In 2017, Ara Cho et al. reported that the Sequence-level comparison of Prunus Conserved Orthologous Gene Set (Prunus COS) markers suggested that King cherry might originate from a cross between maternal P. pendula f. ascendens and paternal P. jamasakura, rather than P. sargentii.[39]

Cultivation

As of 2017, most of the cherry trees planted in South Korea are Yoshino cherry trees known to have come from Japan or have been grafted from trees planted during the Japanese colonial period. In hopes to replace these trees with Korean native King cherry trees, efforts are undertaken to propagate the excellent varieties of King cherry.[14]

In 1996, the Timber Breeding Research Institute, former Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center planted 40 King cherry trees artificially bred by the tissue culturing. They bloomed in 2003 for the first time.[40] The Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center has developed a conservation area of 90,000 ㎡ since 2000 and is now cultivating 3,000 King cherry trees. In April 2017, the center announced that it has developed 100,000 ㎡ of King cherry tree cultivation farm at Hannam Experimental Forest and planted 4,150 four to five year old King cherry trees. The center plans to expand the area to 250,000 ㎡ by 2022 and to cultivate a total of 20,000 King cherry trees.[14]

Natural monument

King cherry is located in South Korea
Sinrye-ri
Sinrye-ri
Bonggae-dong
Bonggae-dong
Daedunsan
Daedunsan

King cherry tree habitats are designated to the Natural monument. There are three Natural monuments.

See also

Notes

Note 1

Koehne described the variation of Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora from Yoshino cherry when he proposed a new variation Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora.[26]

Variation of Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora from Yoshino cherry[26]
Description Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora Yoshino cherry
Blade of the leaves during flowering Up to 2,5 cm long Less than 1 cm long
Pedicels 27–35 mm long 10–19 mm long
Sepals Above the middle one To the top
Petals 12.5 mm long, 11 mm wide 14–15 mm long, 12 mm wide
Stamina Up to 7.5 mm long Up to 6.5 mm long
Style As far as the fourth part: densely softly hairy above Medium shaggy

Note 2

According to Park Man-Kyu (1965), King cherry trees found until 1965 are as follows:[20]

Year Found by Number of tree Location
1908 Emile Taquet 1 Northern slope
1932 Gen-ichi Koidzumi 2 *1 Southern slope
1933 Yo Takenaka 1 *2 Southern slope
1962 Park Man-Kyu and seven others 3 Southern slope
1963 Park Man-Kyu and three others 3 Southern slope
1964 Bu Jong-hyu 1 Northern slope
1964 Park Man-Kyu and three others 3 Northern slope
Total 14

*1According to Koidzumi, he found a King cherry and an Eishu zakura (Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora) not two King cherry trees.[22]

*2According to Takenaka, the tree he observed was the same tree Koidzumi found. [46]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Katsuki, Toshio (December 2016). "Nomenclature of Tokyo cherry (Cerasus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino', Rosaceae) and allied interspecific hybrids based on recent advances in population genetics". Taxon (International Association for Plant Taxonomy) 65 (6): 1415–1419. doi:10.12705/656.13. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/iapt/tax/2016/00000065/00000006/art00013. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kim, Chan-soo (1998). "Natural habitat of Prunus yedoensis Matsumura and its morphological variation". Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 28 (2): 117–137. http://e-kjpt.org/upload/pdf/0i800370.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Korean Red List of Threatened Species (Second ed.). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2014. p. 156. http://www.nationalredlist.org/files/2016/04/Korean-Red-List-of-Threatened-Species-English-compressed-2.pdf. "Prunus × yedoensis Matsumura, Rosales: Rosaceae, Prunus × yedoensis is a deciduous tree endemic to Korea that only about 5 populations occur at Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. The estimated number of individuals is very small. This species is found in deciduous broadleaf forests at 450-900 m above sea level. The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). There are currently no regional conservation measures." 
  4. ↑ Kim, Chan-Soo (2009). "Vascular Plant Diversity of Jeju Island, Korea". Korean Journal of Plant Resources 22 (6): 558～570. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/prsk/JOSMBA/2009/v22n6/JOSMBA_2009_v22n6_558.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "한라산 전역에 왕벚나무 자생…최고 수령 265년" (in Korean). Yonhapnews. April 3, 2017. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/local/2017/04/03/0812000000AKR20170403130100056.HTML. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Roh, M.S.; Cheong, E.J.; Choi, I-Y.; Young, Y.H. (2007). "Characterization of wild Prunus yedoensis analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA.". Scientia Horticulturae 114 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.06.005. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TC3-4P7FHTX-1&_user=994540&_coverDate=10%2F02%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1725580338&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050024&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=994540&md5=d453bd60abbb619b5bcfeabbc7957be1&searchtype=a. Retrieved 2011-04-19. 
  7. ↑ "[취재후 꽃의 전쟁…벚꽃의 원산지는?"] (in Korean). KBS. April 11, 2014. http://news.kbs.co.kr/news/NewsView.do?SEARCH_NEWS_CODE=2843708. 
  8. ↑ ""포트맥 강변의 왕벚나무도 제주도산"". Chosun.com. 7 February 2017. http://pub.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?cate=C01&mcate=M1003&nNewsNumb=20170223370&nidx=23371. "두 나라에서 발견된 왕벚나무는 유전적으로 동일합니다[Cherry trees found in both countries are genetically identical]" 
  9. ↑ "전국 봄꽃 축제 어디로 갈까?". Dong-a Ilbo. 23 March 2017. http://www.edudonga.com/?p=article&ps=view&at_no=20170323132751272573&ckattempt=1. 
  10. ↑ "왕벚꽃 100년 논란 "제주가 진짜 원산지"". Yonhapnews. 26 March 2017. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2017/03/24/0200000000AKR20170324174900056.HTML. 
  11. ↑ "벚꽃 ‘한-일 원산지 논쟁’ 왜 끝나지 않나" (in Korean). Hankyoreh. April 3, 2015. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/environment/685392.html. "여의도와 진해를 포함해 우리나라 벚꽃축제의 주인공은 모두 일본이 원예종 으로 만든 왕벚나무이다. [The protagonists of Cherry Blossom Festivals in Korea including Yeouido and Jinhae are all cultivated Yoshino cherry made in Japan.]" 
  12. ↑ "[단독여의도 화려한 벚꽃뒤엔…일본 검은 속셈 있었나"] (in Korean). Segye.com. 22 January 2008. http://www.segye.com/content/html/2006/04/03/20060403000571.html. "... From 1966 until the mid-1980s, Koreans in Japan and Japanese people donated about 60,000 cherry seedlings to Jinhae City." 
  13. ↑ "때되면 한-일 원산지 논쟁, 벚꽃에게 물어봐!". The Hankyoreh. April 3, 2015. http://ecotopia.hani.co.kr/271769. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "한라산 자생 우수품종 왕벚나무로 일본산 대체한다". Yonhapnews. April 4, 2017. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2017/04/04/0200000000AKR20170404125000056.HTML. 
  15. ↑ Matsumura, Jinzō (1901). "Cerasi Japonicæ duæ Species novæ" (in Latin). Botanical Magazine, Tokyo (Shokubutsugaku Zasshi) (The Botanical Society of Japan) 15: 99–101. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jplantres1887/15/174/15_174_99/_pdf. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wilson, E. H. (1916). "The Cherries of Japan". Publications of the Arnold Arboretum (Harvard University Press) (7): 16. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015062295798;view=1up;seq=5. "To me P. yedoensis Matsumura strongly suggests a hybrid between P. subhirtella, var. ascendens Wilson and the wild form of P. Lannesiana Wilson. It has many characters of the latter and in its venation, pubescence and shape of the cupula resembles the former.". 
  17. ↑ Masamune, Genkei; Suzuki, Shigeyoshi (1936). "日本產サクラ屬の學名に就いて". 台北農林学会報 [Journal of Taihoku society of Agriculture and Forestry] (Taihoku society of Agriculture and Forestry) 1 (3): 316–318. http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1512447?itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1512447&tocOpened=1&__lang=en. "Prunus × yedoensis (Matsum.) Masam. & Suzuki". 
  18. ↑ An, Byeong-gyu (April 2, 2007). "진해군항제에 부치는 벚꽃 단상". Gyeongnam Sinmun. http://www.knnews.co.kr/news/articleView.php?idxno=623594. "제주도 왕벚꽃이란 이름도 오래된 것은 아니다. 육지학자들이 현지 답사에 나선 1963년도에 처음으로 지은 것이라 한다. 그때까지는 `털벚나무'나 `사쿠라'로 표기하고 있다. [The name “King cherry” is also not old. It was named in 1963 for the first time when scholars conducted a field survey. Until then, it was called as “Hair cherry” or “Sakura”.]" 
  19. ↑ Mun Man-yong (September 2015). "소메이요시노, 왕벚나무, 벚꽃놀이 - 역사ㆍ문화와 과학의 관계 맺기 - [Yoshino cherry, King cherry, Cherry blossom viewing - Establishing the relationship between history/culture and science -"]. Comparative Japanology. 34. http://gcjs.hanyang.ac.kr/file/download?file_name=160401_204844_board.pdf&orig_name=%EB%B9%84%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%ED%95%99+34%EC%A7%91.pdf&path=board&mid=87&usg=AFQjCNF546rdIiZ0orr2Lw09YWXjqw-aBg&sig2=gDTsknl9sMJvYUh-a0B2qw. "당시까지 왕벚나무라는 우리말 이름은 없었고, 사쿠라나무, 털벚나무 등으로 불렸다. 도봉섭, ｢조선산식물의 분류 (中)｣, 「동아일보」 1936. 4. 21. [Until then, there was no Korean name for King cherry, and it was called sakuranamu (sakura tree), teolbeojnamu (hairly cherry tree), and so on. Do Bong-seop, "Classification of Korean Plant (Second)", "Dong-A Ilbo" 1936. 4. 21]". 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Park, Man-Kyu (1965). "한국 왕벚나무의 조사연구사" (in Korean). Journal of Plant Biology 8 (3): 12–15. http://kiss.kstudy.com/journal/thesis_name.asp?tname=kiss2002&key=242129. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "[한라칼럼왕벚나무의 선각자들"]. Halla Ilbo. April 13, 2011. http://www.ihalla.com/read.php3?aid=1302620400359923099. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Koidzumi, Gen-ichi (June 1932). "雑録 – 染井吉野桜の天生地分明かす" (in Japanese). 植物分類・地理 [Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica] (植物分類地理學會 [The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics]) 1 (2): 177–179. http://jboli.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~jsps/pdf/1(2)/110003760559.pdf. "...此時以來ソメヰヨシノザクラは濟州島に自生すと誤り傳へられ,... ... されば現今ソメヰヨシノザクラの原産地は濟州島なり。...". 
  23. ↑ Han, Chang-yeol (1965). "한라산 자생 왕벚 및 추정양친에 관한 연구 (II)" (in Korean). Korea Journal of Botany 8 (1): 11–18. http://www.lafent.com/lea/lea.php?id=10240&page=1024&&search=&Sear_Type=&sear_and1=&sear_and2=&sear_and3=&sear_and4=&sear_dl1=&sear_dl2=&sear_dl3=&sear_dl4=&sear_text1=&sear_text2=&sear_text3=&sear_text4=&sear_sdate=&sear_edate=&sear_lec=&lec_list=&dp_max=&dp_order=%20order%20by%20id%20DESC. "Wild cherry trees which grow wild in Mt. Halla and whose blooming season is April are mostly P. subhirtella var. pendula form. ascendens and P. donarium P. yedoensis is rare in number, around 10 individuals, having been found in a half century.". 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Takenaka, Yo (1963). "The Origin of the Yoshino cherry tree". Journal of Heredity 54 (5): 207－211. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107250. http://www2.odn.ne.jp/had26900/topics_&_items2/takenaka5.htm. "I visited the (Quelpart) island in 1933 and observed that the tree, which was growing wild, showed differences from P. yedoensis; the hairs on calyx lobes and on the lower side of leaves were less numerous, and the peduncles were shorter. I concluded that it could not be P. yedoensis. I assumed that it might be a hybrid between P. subhirtella var. pendula form ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus quelpaertensis (Tanna-yamazakura; perhaps a form of P. verecunda) or some other cherry species". 
  25. ↑ Jung, Yong-hwan (December 2001). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus Prunus in Korea and Japan Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequences". Department of Biology Graduate School, Cheju National University. ftp://203.253.194.33/chu_cab/Book/002/342066/127526_115475.pdf. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Koehne, Von E. (1912). "95 Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora, nov. var.". Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis (Herausgebers) 10: 507. doi:10.1002/fedr.19120103013. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7031#page/513/mode/1up. 
  27. ↑ Koidzumi, Gen-ichi (1933). "白瀧桜と緑吉野桜". 植物分類・地理 [Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica] (The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics) 2 (2): 139–140. http://jboli.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~jsps/pdf/2(2)/110003761526.pdf. "...大和吉野の白瀧櫻は濟州島のタンナヤマザクラ（予のエイシウザクラ）(Prunus quelpaertensis Nakai) (=Prunus nudiflora Koidz. Pro parte) ...". 
  28. ↑ "제주벚나무". Korea National Arboretum. http://www.nature.go.kr/ekbi/plant/pilbk/selectPlantPilbkClsscList3.do;jsessionid=9BA444CBE5A9F7F079A7E1E594A1405F.nature?pageIndex=341&pageUnit=10&bspcsClsscInfoCd=. 
  29. ↑ Iketani, Hiroyuki (2007). "Analyses of Clonal Status in ‘Somei-yoshino’ and Confirmation of Genealogical Record in Other Cultivars of Prunus × yedoensis by Microsatellite Markers". Breeding Science 57: 1–6. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.57.1. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/57/1/57_1_1/_pdf. "natural hybridization either in the Izu peninsula, on Izu-oshima Island or on Cheju-do Island in Korea, although the possibility of the latter location was ruled out by Takenaka (1962)". 
  30. ↑ Jung, Yong-Hwan (December 2005). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Prunus（Rosaceae）in Korea and Japan Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Sequences". Korean Journal of Genetics (The Genetics Society of Korea) 27 (4): 279–288. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287447710_Phylogenetic_relationships_of_Prunus_Rosaceae_in_Korea_and_Japan_inferred_from_chloroplast_DNA_sequences2. "The two natives of P. yedoensis from Jeju, Korea were clearly distinguished from the cultivars as suggested in previous reports.". 
  31. ↑ Jung, Yong-Hwan (June 1998). "Genetic relationship of Prunus yedoensis, native and cultivar, based on internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA". Korean Journal of Genetics 20 =issue=2: 109–116. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287832600_Genetic_relationship_of_Prunus_yedoensis_native_and_cultivar_based_on_internal_transcribed_spacer_sequences_of_ribosomal_DNA. "The idea that P. yedoensis Matsumura-Native would be different from the P. yedoensis Matsumura-Cultivar would be strongly substantiated from the similar results obtained in this studies with those of previous studies.". 
  32. ↑ Jung, Yong-Hwan (September 2002). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Korean Prunus ( Rosaceae ) Based on ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA". Gene & Genomics(former Korean Journal of Genetics 구 한국유전학회지) (The Genetics Society of Korea) 24 (3): 247–258. http://www.papersearch.net/view/detail.asp?detail_key=09001357. "A remarkable result is that the P. yedoensis wilds from Jeju ended up far from the P. yedoensis cultivars, as was proposed in a previous study based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).". 
  33. ↑ Cho, Myong-Suk (2016). "Comparative phylogenetic relationship between wild and cultivated Prunus yedoensis Matsum. (Rosaceae) with regard to Taquet`s collection". Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy (The Plant Taxonomic Society of Korea) 46 (2): 247–255. doi:10.11110/kjpt.2016.46.2.247. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/ptsk/SMBHBD/2016/v46n2/SMBHBD_2016_v46n2_247.pdf. 
  34. ↑ Cho, Myong-suk (2016). "The origin of flowering cherry on oceanic islands: The saga continues in Jeju Island.". Botany (Botanical Society of America). http://2016.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=71. 
  35. ↑ Hoover, Jimmy (April 30, 2014). "Diplomacy Blossoms: The Secret History of DC's Favorite Tree". 
  36. ↑ Cheong, Eun Ju (2017). "Chloroplast Noncoding DNA Sequences Reveal Genetic Distinction and Diversity between Wild and Cultivated Prunus yedoensis". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142 (6): 434–443. doi:10.21273/JASHS04143-17. http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/142/6/434.short. 
  37. ↑ Baek, Seunghoon et al. (2018). "Draft genome sequence of wild Prunus yedoensis reveals massive inter-specific hybridization between sympatric flowering cherries". Genome Biology 19 (127). doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1497-y. https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1497-y. 
  38. ↑ Cho, Myong-Suk (2014). "Molecular and morphological data revealed hybrid origin of wild Prunus yedoensis (Rosaceae) from Jeju Island, Korea: Implications for the origin of the flowering cherry". American Journal of Botany 101 (11): 1976–1986. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3732/ajb.1400318. "The nuclear (ITS/ETS and G3pdh) and cpDNA data, along with several morphological characteristics, provide the first convincing evidence for the hybrid origin of wild P. yedoensis. The maternal parent was determined to be P. spachiana f. ascendens, while the paternal parent was unresolved from the taxonomically complex P. serrulata/P. sargentii clade.". 
  39. ↑ Cho, Ara (2017). "Genomic clues to the parental origin of the wild flowering cherry Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora (Rosaceae)". Plant Biotechnology Reports: 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11816-017-0465-4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11816-017-0465-4. 
  40. ↑ "[광복 70년•수교 50년 제주와 일본을 말하다/제1부 제주 왕벚의 세계화(3)대량생산 전초기지"] (in Korean). Halla Ilbo. March 23, 2015. http://www.ihalla.com/read.php3?aid=1427036400494039020. 
  41. ↑ "천연기념물 제156호". Korean Cultural Heritage Administration. http://www.cha.go.kr/korea/heritage/search/Culresult_Db_View.jsp?mc=NS_04_03_01&VdkVgwKey=16,01560000,50. 
  42. ↑ "천연기념물 신례리 왕벚나무자생지(천연기념물 제156호)". Jeju Province. http://www.jeju.go.kr/culture/culturalAssets.htm;jsessionid=lQBge7lP31KSmY5wZjTe2dcECDoOoCchy8ujyZXLBxPHmWKwOIYM70NqUf7tK11e.was2_servlet_engine1?category=15&page=2&act=view&seq=27757. 
  43. ↑ "천연기념물 제159호". Korean Cultural Heritage Administration. http://www.cha.go.kr/korea/heritage/search/Culresult_Db_View.jsp?mc=NS_04_03_01&VdkVgwKey=16,01590000,50. "서로 100m쯤 떨어져 두 그루가 자라고 [Two trees are growing about 100m apart from each other]" 
  44. ↑ "천연기념물 신례리 왕벚나무자생지(천연기념물 제159호)". Jeju Province. http://www.jeju.go.kr/culture/culturalAssets.htm;jsessionid=mW3csrptVInrmISnXo49d5wfFaSSd1qD8cmkNi18mN0DGvjPOjIyM9bJfsaMX1aI.was1_servlet_engine1?category=15&act=view&seq=27715. 
  45. ↑ "천연기념물 제173호". Korean Cultural Heritage Administration. http://www.cha.go.kr/korea/heritage/search/Culresult_Db_View.jsp?mc=KS_01_02_04&VdkVgwKey=16,01730000,36. "... 2그루의 나무가 자라고 있다. [Two trees are growing.]" 
  46. ↑ "Studies on the Genus Prunus, (I): The Origin of Prunus yedoensis". Botanical Magazine 75: 278–287. July 25, 1962. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.75.278. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jplantres1887/75/889/75_889_278/_article/. "時期すでにおそく小泉博士の発見したソメイヨシノの花は終っていたが,わずかに遅れ咲ぎを一枝得た.". 




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