Biology:Lichinella

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Lichinella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Lichinellaceae. The genus is morphologically diverse, including species that form crusts, small scales, or tiny shrub-like tufts. Its members grow on rock surfaces and in biological soil crusts, mainly in warm-temperate to arid tropical regions worldwide. It was described by William Nylander in 1873, and was placed in the newly erected family Lichinellaceae following a 2024 molecular reclassification of the Lichinomycetes.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1872 by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander, who introduced Lichinella with L. stipatula as its type species. In the protologue, he described the new genus as being close to Leptogium but distinct in having a minute, densely tufted, fruticose thallus with a cellular interior containing comparatively large, bluish-green [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] cells, together with terminal [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] apothecia, polysporous asci, and minute colourless conidia borne on slender, mostly simple sterigmata. Nylander also contrasted Lichinella with Leptogium microscopicum, which he regarded as more delicate and as having smaller cells and conidia.[1]

In a 2024 multilocus molecular phylogenetics-informed reorganization and reclassification of the class Lichinomycetes, Lichinella was placed in the newly erected family Lichinellaceae together with Edwardiella, Gonotichia and Synalissina. The authors treat Lichinella as a medium-sized genus of almost 30 species, and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|diagnose]] the family by thallinocarpous ascomata (fruiting bodies developing within the thallus) and a Lichinella-type ascus (defined as thin walled with distinctly amyloid outer coat with a gelatinous cap). Several names formerly placed in segregate genera have been combined into Lichinella (e.g. transfers from Gonohymenia and Thallinocarpon), reflecting the new phylogeny.[2]

Description

Lichinella is a morphologically diverse genus that includes crustose, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]-[[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]-[[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], and dwarf-fruticose species. Its internal structure is similarly variable: crustose and small squamulose forms usually have a more uniform thallus, whereas [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], foliose, and fruticose species often have a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] thallus with a loose to compact central hyphal strand that may be distinctly fountain-like. Despite this variation in overall form, the genus is characterized by a relatively consistent type of fruiting body and ascus. The ascomata are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], with the hymenium covered by a continuous or discontinuous layer of sterile thallus tissue. The hymenium itself may be continuous, interrupted by sterile tissue, or reduced to a few asci and paraphyses scattered through the upper part of the thallus. The asci are irregular in shape and usually contain 16–32 small ascospores, and the hymenium shows a reddish-brown to wine-red iodine staining reaction before turning blue. No secondary metabolites have been detected in the genus by thin-layer chromatography.[2]

Habitat and distribution

Lichinella is a medium-sized genus of nearly 30 species with a worldwide distribution, although it is most diverse in warm-temperate to arid tropical regions. Species typically grow on rock surfaces that are only periodically wetted, and some also occur as components of biological soil crusts.[2]

Species

Lichinella iodopulchra; scale: 500 μm
  • Lichinella algerica (J.Steiner) P.P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella americana Henssen (1969)[4]
  • Lichinella applanata Henssen (1963)[5]
  • Lichinella cribellifera (Nyl.) P.P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella flexa Henssen, Büdel & T.H.Nash (1986)[6]
  • Lichinella granulosa M.Schultz (2005)[7]
  • Lichinella heppii (Müll.Arg.) P.Clerc & Cl.Roux (2004)[8]
  • Lichinella hondoana (Zahlbr.) P.P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella inflata (Henssen) P.P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella intermedia Henssen, Büdel & T.H.Nash (1986)[6]
  • Lichinella iodopulchra (Couderc ex Croz.) P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella lojkana Hue (1898)[9]
  • Lichinella mauritanica (O.L.Lange) P.P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella melamphylla (Tuck.) Essl. (1995)[10]
  • Lichinella minnesotensis (Fink) Essl. (1995)[10]
  • Lichinella myriospora (Zahlbr.) P.P.Moreno & Egea ex M.Schultz (2005)[7]
  • Lichinella polyspora (H.Magn.) P.P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella robusta Henssen (1963)[5]
  • Lichinella robustoides Henssen, Büdel & T.H.Nash (1986)[6]
  • Lichinella sinaica (Galun & Marton) P.P.Moreno & Egea (1992)[3]
  • Lichinella stipatula Nyl. (1872)[11]
  • Lichinella undulata (Henssen) M.Schultz & van den Boom (2007)[12]

References

  1. ↑ Nylander, W. (1873). "Observata lichenologica in Pyrenaeis orientalibus" (in la). Flora (Regensburg) 56: 193–208. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/61536. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Prieto, M.; Wedin, M.; Schultz, M. (2024). "Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes". Studies in Mycology 109: 595–655. doi:10.3114/sim.2024.109.09. PMID 39717657. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Moreno, P.P.; Egea, J.M. (1992). "El género Lichinella Nyl. en el sureste de España y norte de África" (in es). Cryptogamie, Bryologie-Lichénologie 13 (3): 237–259. 
  4. ↑ Henssen, Aino (1969). "Eine neue Lichinella-Art aus Nordamerika (Lichenes)" (in de). Nova Hedwigia 15: 543–550. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Henssen, Aino (1963). "Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae" (in de). Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 18 (1): 1–123. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Henssen, Aino; Büdel, Burkhard; Nash III, Thomas H.; Budel, Burkhard (1985). "Three new species of Lichinella described from Mexico". The Bryologist 88 (4): 285–292. doi:10.2307/3242664. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schultz, Matthias (2005). "An overview of Lichinella in the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico, and the new species Lichinella granulosa". The Bryologist 108 (4): 567–590. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2005)108[0567:aoolit2.0.co;2]. 
  8. ↑ Clerc, Philippe (2004) (in fr). Les champignons lichénisés de Suisse: catalogue bibliographique complété par des données sur la distribution et l'écologie des espèces. Cryptogamica Helvetica. 19. Bussigny, Switzerland: Bryolich. p. 292. 
  9. ↑ Hue, A.-M. (1898). "Lichenes extra-europaei a pluribus collectoribus ad Museum Parisiense missi" (in la). Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 3 10: 213–280. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36859864. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Esslinger, Theodore L.; Egan, Robert S. (1995). "A sixth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada". The Bryologist 98 (4): 467–549. doi:10.2307/3243586. 
  11. ↑ Nylander, W. (1872). "Observata lichenologica in Pyrenaeis orientalibus" (in la). Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Normandie. 2 6 (2): 256–328. 
  12. ↑ Schultz, Matthias; van den Boom, Pieter P.G. (2007). "Notes on cyanobacterial lichens (mostly Lichinales, Ascomycota) of the Canary Islands". Nova Hedwigia 84 (1–2): 113–133. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0084-0113. 

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