Biology:Linophryne

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Linophryne, the bearded seadevils, is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Linophrynidae, the leftvents. These deep sea anglerfishes are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Taxonomy

Linophryne was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1886 by the Norwegian zoologist Robert Collett when he described L. lucifer as a new species.[1] Collett gave the type locality of L. lucifer as off Madeira at around 36°N, 20°W.[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this genus within the family Linophrynidae, which it places within the suborder Ceratioidei, the deep sea anglerfishes, within the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes.[3]

Etymology

Linophryne prefixes linos, which means "net", an allusion Collett did not explain when he proposed the genus, with phryne, meaning "toad". The prefix may be a reference to the sac like mouth hanging off the trunk, which in the holotype contained a lanternfish, like a fisherman's keep net. The second part phryne is commonly used in the names of anglerfish genera. Its use may date as far back as Aristotle and Cicero, who referred to anglerfishes as "fishing-frogs" and "sea-frogs," respectively, possibly because of their resemblance to frogs and toads.[4]

Characteristics

Linophryne leftvents are sexually dimorphic and the metamorphosed females can be distinguished from the other leftvent genera by a number of characters. These include the possession of a hyoid barbel, well-developed spines on the sphenotic bone and the preoperculum and a single nearly oval bulb on the esca with a short projection in its middle and has no appendages as well as a low number of fin rays in the dorsal and anal fins.[5] The barbel filaments contain globular, bioluminescent organs.[6][7] The barbels do not contain bacteria like the esca but complex paracrystalline photogenic granules.[clarification needed] The esca is ectodermal in origin whereas the barbel organs may be derived from the mesoderm.[8]

The different species are distinguished by characters of the esca and barbel;[clarification needed][9] males of the genus cannot be differentiated in morphology.[10][11] Both sexes are pigmented after metamorphosis, being black in color. They have no scales and gelatinous skin.[7] The largest species in the genus is L. lucifer which has a maximum published standard length of 27.5 cm (10.8 in).[12]

Species

Linophryne contains 22 recognised species, these are divided into 3 subgenera:[12]

  • Subgenus Linophryne Collett, 1886
    • Linophryne algibarbata Waterman, 1939
    • Linophryne arcturi Beebe, 1926
    • Linophryne argyresca Regan & Trewavas, 1932
    • Linophryne bicornis Parr, 1927
    • Linophryne bipennata Bertelsen, 1982
    • Linophryne coronata Parr, 1927
    • Linophryne escaramosa Bertelsen, 1982
    • Linophryne lucifer Collett, 1886
    • Linophryne macrodon Regan, 1925
    • Linophryne maderensis Maul, 1961
    • Linophryne polypogon Regan, 1925
    • Linophryne racemifera Regan & Trewavas, 1932
    • Linophryne sexfilis Bertelsen, 1973
    • Linophryne trewavasae Bertelsen, 1978
  • Subgenus Rhizophryne Bertelsen, 1982
    • Linophryne andersoni Gon, 1992
    • Linophryne arborifera Regan, 1925
    • Linophryne brevibarbata Beebe, 1932
    • Linophryne densiramus S. Imai, 1941 (Thickbranch angler)
    • Linophryne parini Bertelsen, 1980
    • Linophryne pennibarbata Bertelsen, 1980
  • Subgenus Stephanophryne Bertelsen, 1982
    • Linophryne indica Brauer, 1902 (Headlight angler)
    • Linophryne quinqueramosus Beebe & Crane, 1947

Fossil record

Linophryne is represented in the fossil record by what may be L. indica was found in Late Miocene-aged Puente Formation of Los Angeles, California, along with a fossil of the related Borophryne apogon, during the construction of a metrorail.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Linophryne is found circumglobally in all three equatorial Oceans,[12] up to as far north as Iceland and Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean.[14] They are found at depths between 0 and 2,200 m (0 and 7,218 ft).[15][16]

L. arborifera
L. coronata
L. maderensis
L. pennibarbata
L. sexfilis
L. polypogon

References

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CofF
  2. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Species in the genus Linophryne". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Linophryne. 
  3. ↑ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 508–518. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. OCLC 951899884. 
  4. ↑ Christopher Scharpf (22 August 2024). "Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/. 
  5. ↑ Bañón, Rafael; Pietsch, Theodore; Piñeiro, Carmen (2006). "New record of Linophryne coronata, (Lophiiformes, Linophrynidae) from the North-eastern Atlantic Ocean". Cybium: International Journal of Ichthyology 30: 385–386. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233734371. 
  6. ↑ Anderson, M. Eric; Leslie, Robin W. (2001). "REVIEW OF THE DEEP-SEA ANGLERFISHES (LOPHIIFORMES: CERATIOIDEI) OF SOUTHERN AFRICA". Ichthyological Bulletin 70: 1–32. http://www.bioline.org.br/request?fb01002. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bertelsen, Erik; Pietsch, Theodore W. (1983-06-14). The ceratioid anglerfishes of Australia, Records of the Australian Museum. 35. p. 94. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.35.1983.303. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/64094924#page/106/mode/1up. Retrieved 2 March 2025. 
  8. ↑ Hansen, Kjold; Herring, Peter J. (1977). "Dual bioluminescent systems in the anglerfish genus Linophryne (Pisces: Ceratioidea)". Journal of Zoology 182 (1): 103–124. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04144.x. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230018708. 
  9. ↑ Waterman, Talbot Howe (1939). "Studies on deep-sea angler-fishes (Ceratioidea)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 85: 85–89. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4538043#page/114/mode/1up. Retrieved 2 March 2025. 
  10. ↑ Bertelsen, E (1980). "Notes on Linophrynidae 5: a revision of the deepsea anglerfishes of the Linophryne arborifera-group (Pisces, Ceratoidei)". Steenstrupia 6 (6): 29–70. ISSN 0375-2909. https://eurekamag.com/research/021/437/021437497.php. Retrieved 2 March 2025. 
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Holotype
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2024). Species of Linophryne in FishBase. June 2024 version.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named carnepi
  14. ↑ Carpenter, K.E.; Robertson, R.; Matson, C.; Rivera Higueras, M. (2019). "Linophryne bicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T140191559A140323028.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/140191559/140323028. Retrieved 22 August 2024. 
  15. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2024). "Linophryne maderensis" in FishBase. June 2024 version.
  16. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2024). "Linophryne lucifer" in FishBase. June 2024 version.

Wikidata ☰ Q1957487 entry



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