Biology:Linothele
| Linothele | |
|---|---|
| |
| L. fallax | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Dipluridae |
| Genus: | Linothele Karsch, 1879[1] |
| Type species | |
| L. curvitarsis Karsch, 1879
| |
| Species | |
|
63, see text | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
| |
Linothele is a genus of curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879.[3] All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil , Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela). The exception is L. septentrionalis from the far-away Bahamas, although it has certain features that suggest it may belong in another genus.[4] Additionally, an undescribed species of Linothele is known from Panama.[5]
Linothele females are stouter and tend to be more conspicuously colored than males.[4] They make relatively complex webs that in most species are on or near the ground, mudbanks or rock walls (a few are arboreal), with females spending most of their life in a tunnel-like retreat. The male may wander and often inhabits a smaller web near a female's.[4] The webs of Linothele are commonly co-inhabited by tiny kleptoparasitic spiders of the genus Mysmenopsis.[4]
Venom
In humans, bites from Linothele typically cause mild pain and a numbness/tingling feeling that can last for a few days.[4] They are generally reluctant to bite and will attempt to flee, but some species, especially those from dry regions, tend to be more defensive.[4]
The venom of Linothele sp has a LD-50 dose of 0.6 mg/kg in laboratory mice. Two toxins, both of low molecular weight, were isolated in the venom, Ls1 and Ls2. These two toxins have been shown to be quite lethal to laboratory mice by injection into the cerebroventricular region. The lethal dose of Ls1 and Ls2 is 24 and 19 μg/kg respectively, both toxins represent 0.21% and 0.43% of the weight of the whole venom.[6]
Species
(As of July 2023) it contains 63 species:[1]
- Linothele agelenoides Bäckstam, Drolshagen & Seiter, 2023 – Colombia
- Linothele alausi Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele amazonica Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele anabellecitae Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele angamarca Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele archidona Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele banos Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele canirasi Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele carchi Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele cavicola Goloboff, 1994 – Ecuador
- Linothele cayambe Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele condor Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele cornigera Penaherrera-R., Guerrero-Campoverde, Leon-E., Pinos-Sanchez & Cisneros-Heredia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele costenita Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele cristata (Mello-Leitão, 1945) – Brazil
- Linothele cuencana Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele curvitarsis Karsch, 1879 (type) – Venezuela
- Linothele fallax (Mello-Leitão, 1926) – Bolivia, Brazil
- Linothele gaujoni (Simon, 1889) – Ecuador
- Linothele guacamayos Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele gualaquiza Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele guallupe Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele ilinizas Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele ireneae Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele jarrini Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele jatunsacha Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele javieri Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele jelskii (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) – Peru
- Linothele kaysi Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele lacocha Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele lloa Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele longicauda (Ausserer, 1871) – Ecuador
- Linothele macrothelifera Strand, 1908 – Colombia
- Linothele megatheloides Paz & Raven, 1990 – Colombia
- Linothele melloleitaoi (Brignoli, 1983) – Colombia
- Linothele milleri Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele molleturo Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele monticolens (Chamberlin, 1916) – Peru
- Linothele mubii Nicoletta, Ochoa, Chaparro & Ferretti, 2022 – Peru
- Linothele otokiki Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele otoyacu Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele paulistana (Mello-Leitão, 1924) – Brazil
- Linothele peguche Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele podocarpus Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele pomona Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele pristirana Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele pseudoquori Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele pukachumpi Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador
- Linothele quori Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador
- Linothele rionegro Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele septentrionalis Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2021 – Bahamas
- Linothele sericata (Karsch, 1879) – Colombia
- Linothele sexfasciata (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945) – Venezuela
- Linothele sigchila Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele spinosa Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2021 – Peru
- Linothele troncal Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele tsachilas Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador
- Linothele uniformis Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2021 – Peru
- Linothele uvalino Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele victoria Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele yanachanka Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador
- Linothele yunguilla Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador
- Linothele zaia Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gen. Linothele Karsch, 1879. Natural History Museum Bern. 2023. doi:10.24436/2. http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/812. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑ Raven, R. J. (1985). "The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematics". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182: 74–75.
- ↑ Karsch, F. (1879). "Arachnologische Beitrage.". Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 52: 534–562.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Dupérré, N.; Tapia, E.; Bond, J.E. (2023). "Review of the Spider Genus Linothele (Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae) from Ecuador—An Exceptional Case of Speciation in the Andes". Arthropoda 1 (3): 68-341. doi:10.3390/arthropoda1030010.
- ↑ Paz, N.S. (1988). "Ecologia y aspectos del comportamiento en Linothele sp . (Araneae, Dipluridae)". Arachnol. 16: 5–22.
- ↑ Atakuziev, B. U.; Yukel'son, L. Ya. (1996-03-01). "Investigation of the toxins of the venom of the spiderLinothele sp." (in en). Chemistry of Natural Compounds 32 (2): 201–204. doi:10.1007/BF01373859. ISSN 1573-8388. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01373859.
Wikidata ☰ Q54952 entry
 |  |
