Biology:List of Usnea species

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This is a list of species in the fruticose lichen genus Usnea, commonly known as "beard lichens". As of March 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 128 species of Usnea,[1] although many more have been described throughout the genus's extensive taxonomic history. The fungal nomenclatural authority Index Fungorum lists nearly 2,000 taxa that have ever been associated with the genus, including forms, varieties, and subspecies, as well as numerous obsolete names, synonyms, misapplied names, and taxa temporarily placed in Usnea but later transferred to other genera.[2] This significant discrepancy between accepted species and total published names reflects the complex taxonomic history of the genus. Ongoing revisions with molecular phylogenetics and morphological studies continue to refine the understanding of Usnea species boundaries.

A

Usnea amblyoclada
Usnea antarctica
Usnea ceratina
Usnea hirta
  • Usnea acromelana Stirt. (1898)[3]
  • Usnea alboverrucata G.N.Stevens (1999)[4]
  • Usnea amblyoclada (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)[5]
  • Usnea angulata Ach. (1814)[6]
  • Usnea antarctica Du Rietz (1926)[7]
  • Usnea aranea Truong & P.Clerc (2016)[8]
  • Usnea articulata (L.) Hoffm. (1796)[9]
  • Usnea aurantiaciparvula A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)[10]
  • Usnea austrocampestris Øvstedal (2012)[11] – Falkland Islands

B

  • Usnea barbata (L.) F.H.Wigg. (1780)
  • Usnea beckeri P.Clerc & Nadel (2022)[12]
  • Usnea bismolliuscula Zahlbr. (1930)[5]
  • Usnea boomiana P.Clerc (2015)[13]
  • Usnea brattiae P.Clerc (2007)

C

  • Usnea cavernosa Tuck. (1850)
  • Usnea cedrosiana P.Clerc (2007)
  • Usnea ceratina Ach. (1810)[14]
  • Usnea chaetophora Stirt. (1883)[15]
  • Usnea cirrosa Motyka (1937)[16]
  • Usnea clerciana Truong (2016)[8]
  • Usnea confusa Asahina (1956)[17]
  • Usnea cornuta Körb. (1859)[18]
  • Usnea crenulata Truong & P.Clerc (2013)[19]
  • Usnea crocata Truong & P.Clerc (2011)[20]
  • Usnea cylindrica P.Clerc (2011)[21]

D

  • Usnea diplotypus Vain. (1922)[22]

E

  • Usnea effusa G.N.Stevens (1999)[4]
  • Usnea elata Motyka (1936)[23]
  • Usnea elixii G.N.Stevens (1991)[24]
  • Usnea esperantiana P.Clerc (1992)[25]
  • Usnea exigua J.M.Rodr. & P.Clerc (2011)[26]

F

  • Usnea fibriloides A.Otero, Barcenas-Peña, Lumbsch & Grewe (2023)[27] – Argentina
  • Usnea filipendula Stirt. (1881)[3]
  • Usnea firmula (Stirt.) Motyka (1936)[23]
  • Usnea flammea Stirt. (1881)[3]
  • Usnea flavocardia Räsänen (1936)[23]
  • Usnea flavorubescens Truong & P.Clerc (2012)[28]
  • Usnea fleigiae A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)[10]
  • Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. (1780)[29]
  • Usnea floriformis C.W.Dodge (1948)[30]
  • Usnea foveata Vain. (1928)[31]
  • Usnea fragilescens Hav. ex Lynge (1921)[32]
  • Usnea fulvoreagens (Räsänen) Räsänen (1935)

G

H

I

Usnea intermedia

K

L

M

Usnea mutabilis

N

  • Usnea neuropogonoides Motyka (1936)[23]
  • Usnea nidifica Taylor (1847)
  • Usnea nidulifera Motyka (1937)

O

  • Usnea oncodeoides G.N.Stevens (1999)[4]
  • Usnea oncodes Stirt. (1881)[3]
  • Usnea oreophila A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2019)[41] – Brazil

P

  • Usnea pacificana Halonen (2000)[42]
  • Usnea pallidocarpa Wirtz & Lumbsch (2011)[37]
  • Usnea parafloridana K.Mark, S.Will-Wolf & T.Randlane (2016)[43]
  • Usnea patriciana Bungartz, Herrera-Camp. & P.Clerc (2018)[38]
  • Usnea pendulina Motyka (1936)[23]
  • Usnea perplexans Stirt. (1881)[3]
  • Usnea poliothrix Kremp. (1874)[44]
  • Usnea praetervisa (Asahina) P.Clerc (2004)[45]
  • Usnea propagulifera C.W.Dodge (1948)[30]
  • Usnea pulvinata Fr. (1846)
  • Usnea pycnoclada Vain. (1909)[46]
  • Usnea pygmoidea (Asahina) Y.Ohmura (2011)

Q

  • Usnea quasirigida Lendemer & I.I.Tav. (2003)[47]

R

  • Usnea ramulosissima G.N.Stevens & R.W.Rogers (1979)[48]
  • Usnea roseola Vain. (1921)[49]
  • Usnea rubicunda Stirt. (1881)[3]
  • Usnea rubriglabrata Truong & P.Clerc (2016)[8]
  • Usnea rubrotincta Stirt. (1881)[3]

S

Usnea scabrata
Usnea subscabrosa
  • Usnea sanguinea Swinscow & Krog (1979)[50]
  • Usnea saxidilatata J.M.Rodr. & P.Clerc (2011)[26]
  • Usnea scabrata Nyl. (1875)[51]
  • Usnea scabrida Taylor (1844)[52]
  • Usnea silesiaca Motyka (1930)
  • Usnea sphacelata R.Br. (1823)[53]
  • Usnea subalpina G.N.Stevens (1999)[4]
  • Usnea subaranea Truong & P.Clerc (2016)[8]
  • Usnea subcapillaris (D.J.Galloway) F.J.Walker (1985)[54]
  • Usnea subcomplecta Truong, P.Clerc & Herrera-Camp. (2018)[38] – Galápagos Islands
  • Usnea subcornuta Stirt. (1881)[3]
  • Usnea subdasaea Truong & P.Clerc (2011)[55]
  • Usnea subeciliata (Motyka) Swinscow & Krog (1979)[50]
  • Usnea subflammea P.Clerc (2006)[34]
  • Usnea subflaveola Truong & P.Clerc (2013)[56]
  • Usnea subfloridana Stirt. (1882)
  • Usnea subglabrata Truong & P.Clerc (2015)[8]
  • Usnea subparvula A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)[10]
  • Usnea subrubicunda P.Clerc (2011)[57]
  • Usnea subscabrosa Nyl. ex Motyka (1937)[16]

T

  • Usnea tamborensis (Hepp) Motyka (1938)[40]
  • Usnea taylorii Hook.f. & Taylor (1844)[58]
  • Usnea torulosa (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)[5]
  • Usnea trachycarpa (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. (1889)[59]

U

  • Usnea ushuaiensis (I.M.Lamb) Wirtz, Printzen & Lumbsch (2008)[60]

V

  • Usnea viktoriana P.Clerc & Otte (2018)[61]
  • Usnea vrieseana Mont. & Bosch (1856)[62]

W

  • Usnea wasmuthii Räsänen (1931)[63]

X

  • Usnea xanthopoga Nyl. (1876)[64]

References

  1. ↑ "Usnea". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/CDVFZ. 
  2. ↑ "Search page". Index Fungorum. name search for "Usnea". https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Stirton, J. (1881). "On the genus Usnea, and another (Eumitra) allied to it". Scottish Naturalist 6: 99–109. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Stevens, G.N. (1999). A Revision of the lichen family Usneaceae in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 72. pp. 1–128. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Zahlbruckner, A. (1930) (in la). Catalogus Lichenum Universalis. 6. p. 542. 
  6. ↑ Acharius, Erik (1814) (in la). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. p. 307. 
  7. ↑ Du Rietz, G.E. (1926). "Om släktena Evernia Ach., Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr. emend. D.R. och Usnea Ach. subgenus Neuropogon (Nees et Fw.) Jatta" (in sv). Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 20: 88–93. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Truong, C.; Clerc, P. (2015). "New species and new records in the genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from tropical South America". The Lichenologist 48: 71–93. doi:10.1017/S0024282915000535. 
  9. ↑ Hoffmann, G.F. (1796) (in la). Deutschlands Flora oder botanisches Taschenbuch. Zweyter Theil für das Iahr 1795. Cryptogamie. Erlangen: Kunstmann for Bey Iohann Iacob Palm. p. 133. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52833970. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima; Clerc, Philippe; Borges Da Silveira, Rosa Mara (2017). "Taxonomy of the corticolous, shrubby, esorediate, neotropical species of Usnea Adans. (Parmeliaceae) with an emphasis on southern Brazil". The Lichenologist 49 (3): 199–238. doi:10.1017/S0024282917000196. 
  11. ↑ Fryday, Alan M.; Øvstedal, Dag O. (2012). "New species, combinations and records of lichenized fungi from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". The Lichenologist 44 (4): 483–500. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000163. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nadel, Miko R.A.; Clerc, Philippe (2022). "Notes on the genus Usnea Adans. (lichenized Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae) from the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in tropical West Africa". The Lichenologist 54 (5): 271–289. doi:10.1017/S0024282922000238. 
  13. ↑ van den Boom, P.; Clerc, P.; Ertz, D. (2015). "New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), including the new species: Usnea boomiana P. Clerc". Candollea 70: 165–177. doi:10.15553/c2015v702a1. 
  14. ↑ Acharius, Erik (1810) (in la). Lichenographia Universalis. Gottingen: Apud Iust. Frid. Danckwerts. p. 619. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44219895. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Stirton, J. (1883). "Notes on the genus Usnea, with descriptions of new species". Scottish Naturalist 7: 74–79. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Motyka, J. (1937) (in la). Lichenum Generis Usnea Studium monographicum. Pars systematica. 2. pp. 313; 514. 
  17. ↑ Asahina, Yasuhiko (1956). Lichens of Japan. Genus Usnea. 3. Research Institute for Natural Resources. p. 97. 
  18. ↑ Körber, G.W. (1859) (in de). Parerga lichenologica. Ergänzungen zum Systema lichenum Germaniae. 1. p. 2. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45825554. 
  19. ↑ Truong, C.; Rodriguez, J.M.; Clerc, P. (2013). "Pendulous Usnea (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) species from tropical South America and the Galapagos". The Lichenologist 45 (4): 505–543. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000133. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Truong, C; Bungartz, F; Clerc, P (2011). "The lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in the tropical Andes and the Galapagos: species with a red-orange cortical or subcortical pigmentation". The Bryologist 114 (3): 477–503. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.3.477. 
  21. ↑ Nordic lichen flora. 3. Stenungsund: Nordic Lichen Society. 2007. p. 141. ISBN 978-91-85221-14-1. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Vainio, E.A. (1922). "Enumeratio Usnearum in Fennia collectarum" (in la). Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 48: 172–174. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23959#page/178/mode/1up. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Motyka, J. (1936) (in la). Lichenum generis Usnea studium monographicum. Pars systematica. 1. p. 73. 
  24. ↑ Stevens, G. Nell (1991). "Usnea elixii, a new lichen species From Australia". The Lichenologist 23 (1): 53–56. doi:10.1017/S0024282991000099. 
  25. ↑ Clerc, P. (1992). "Quelques espèces nouvelles ou intéressantes du genreUsnea (ascomycète lichénisé) des Iles britanniques" (in fr). Candollea 47: 513–526. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Rodriguez, Juan Manuel; Estrabou, Cecilia; Truong, Camille; Clerc, Philippe (2011). "The saxicolous species of the genus Usnea subgenus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in Argentina and Uruguay". The Bryologist 114 (3): 504–525. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.3.504. 
  27. ↑ Otero, Ana; Barcenas-Peña, Alejandrina; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Grewe, Felix (2023). "Reference-based RADseq unravels the evolutionary history of polar species in 'the crux lichenologorum' genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Journal of Fungi 9 (1). doi:10.3390/jof9010099. PMID 36675920. 
  28. ↑ Truong, Camille; Clerc, Philippe (2012). "The lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in tropical South America: species with a pigmented medulla, reacting C+ yellow". The Lichenologist 44 (5): 625–637. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000400. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Wiggers, F.H. (1780) (in la). Primitiae Florae Holsaticae. Michael Friedrich Bartsch, Academic Printer. pp. 7; 91. https://archive.org/details/primitiaeflorae00webegoog/page/n98/mode/2up. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Dodge, C.W. (1948). "Lichens and lichen parasites". British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition Scientific Reports. B 7: 1–276. 
  31. ↑ Vainio, A. (1928). "Enumeratio lichenum in viciniis fluminis Konda (circ. 60° lat. bor.) in Sibiria occidentali crescentium". Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae 27 (6): 65–122. 
  32. ↑ Lynge, B. (1921). "Studies on the lichen flora of Norway". Kunglige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Skrifter 1921 (15): 230. 
  33. ↑ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U. et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa 18 (1): 110. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/p00018p127f.pdf. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Clerc, P. (2006). "Synopsis of Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) from the Azores with additional information on the species in Macaronesia". The Lichenologist 38 (3): 191–212. doi:10.1017/S002428290600569X. 
  35. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1915). "Additamenta ad lichenographiam Antillarum illustrandum" (in la). Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae 6 (7): 7. 
  36. ↑ Jatta, A. (1910). Flora Italica Cryptogamica. 3. p. 145. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Lumbsch, H.Thorsten; Wirtz, Nora (2011). "Phylogenetic relationships of the neuropogonoid core group in the genus Usnea (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae)". The Lichenologist 43 (6): 553–559. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000417. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231766095. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Bungartz, Frank; Truong, Camille; Herrera-Campos, Maria de los Angeles; Clerc, Philippe (2018). "The genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) in the Galapagos Islands". Herzogia 31 (2): 571–629. doi:10.13158/heia.31.1.2018.571. 
  39. ↑ Awasthi, G. (1985). "Two new combinations in the genus Usnea". Current Science 54: 353–354. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Motyka, J. (1938). Lichenum generis Usnea studium monographicum, pars systematica. 2. pp. 561–651. 
  41. ↑ Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges da; Clerc, Philippe (2019). "Usnea oreophila (Parmeliaceae), a new saxicolous species from the mountains of Brazil". The Bryologist 122 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-122.1.122. 
  42. ↑ Halonen, Pekka (2000). "Usnea pacificana, sp. nov. and U. wasmuthii (Lichenized Ascomycetes) in Pacific North America". The Bryologist 103 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0038:UPSNAU2.0.CO;2]. 
  43. ↑ Mark, Kristiina; Saag, Lauri; Leavitt, Steven D.; Will-Wolf, Susan; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Tõrra, Tiiu; Saag, Andres; Randlane, Tiina et al. (2017). "Erratum to: Evaluation of traditionally circumscribed species in the lichen-forming genus Usnea, section Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using a six-locus dataset". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 17 (1): 321. doi:10.1007/s13127-016-0311-5. 
  44. ↑ Krempelhuber, A. von (1873). "Lichenes Brasilienses. Partic. XIV von E. Warming, Symbolae adfloram Brasiliae cognoscendum" (in la). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra dansk Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn 5: 1–35 [4]. 
  45. ↑ Clerc, P. (2004). "Notes on the genus Usnea Adanson. II". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 79–90. 
  46. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1909). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. I" (in la). Philippine Journal of Science. Section C Botany 4 (5): 651–662. 
  47. ↑ Lendemer, J.C.; Tavares, I.I. (2003). "Nomenclature and typification in the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes)—I. Usnea rigida". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 153 (1): 177–180. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2003)153[0177:NATITG2.0.CO;2]. 
  48. ↑ Stevens, G.N.; Rogers, R.W. (1979). "The macrolichen flora from the mangroves of Moreton Bay". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 90 (1): 33–49. 
  49. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1921). "Lichenes ab A. Yasuda in Japonia collecti. Continuatio I" (in la). Botanical Magazine Tokyo 35: 45–79. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5431838#page/55/mode/1up. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Swinscow, T.D.V.; Krog, Hildur (1979). "The fruticose species of Usnea subgenus Usnea in East Africa". The Lichenologist 11 (3): 207–252. doi:10.1017/S0024282979000293. 
  51. ↑ Nylander, W. (1875). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam europaeam. Cont. XX". Flora (Regensburg) 58: 102–106. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/62613. 
  52. ↑ Taylor, T. (1844). "Description of some new Mmosses and lichens from the Australian colonies". Phytologist 1: 1093–1096. 
  53. ↑ Parry, William Edward (1822). Chloris Melvilliana : a list of plants collected in Melville Island, (latitude 74–75 N., longitude 110–112 W.) in the year 1820. London: W. Clowes. p. 49. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35058826. 
  54. ↑ Walker, F. Joy (1985). "The lichen genus Usnea subgenus Neuropogon". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 13: 104. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2348488. 
  55. ↑ Truong, Camille; Bungartz, Frank; Clerc, Philippe (2011). "The lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in the tropical Andes and the Galapagos: species with a red-orange cortical or subcortical pigmentation". The Bryologist 114 (3): 477–503. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.3.477. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232685083. 
  56. ↑ Truong, Camille; Clerc, Philippe (2013). "Eumitrioid Usnea species (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in tropical South America and the Galapagos". The Lichenologist 45 (3): 383–395. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000904. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258318141. 
  57. ↑ Clerc, P. (2011). "Notes on the genus Usnea Adanson (lichenized Ascomycota). III". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 106: 41–51. 
  58. ↑ Hooker, J.D.; Taylor, T. (1844). "Lichenes antarctici". London Journal of Botany 3: 634–658 [657]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/771180. 
  59. ↑ Müller, J. (1889). "Lichenes Spegazziniani in Staten Island, Fuegia et in regione freti Magellanici lecti" (in la). Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano 21: 35–54 [37]. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/12402/?offset=#page=37&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=. 
  60. ↑ Wirtz, Nora; Printzen, Christian; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2008). "The delimitation of Antarctic and bipolar species of neuropogonoid Usnea (Ascomycota, Lecanorales): a cohesion approach of species recognition for the Usnea perpusilla complex". Mycological Research 112 (4): 472–484. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.006. PMID 18314319. 
  61. ↑ Clerc, P; Otte, V. (2018). "Usnea viktoriana (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae), a new European taxon of the Usnea barbata-dasopoga group, with a key to the shrubby-subpendulous sorediate Usnea species in Europe". The Lichenologist 50 (5): 513–527. doi:10.1017/S0024282918000269. 
  62. ↑ Montagne, J.P.F.C. (1856) (in la). Sylloge generum specierumque cryptogamarum. pp. 1–498. 
  63. ↑ Räsänen, V. (1931). "Die Flechten Estlands I" (in de). Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae 34 (4): 1–163 [19]. 
  64. ↑ Nylander, W. (1876). "Lichenes rapportes de l'Isle Campbell, par M. Filhol" (in fr). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 83: 87–90. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3705313. 



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