Biology:List of amazon parrots

From HandWiki
Short description: Birds in parrot genus Amazona


The amazon parrots are 35 species of parrots that comprise the genus Amazona. They are native to the New World, ranging from South America to Mexico and the Caribbean. Amazon parrots range in size from medium to large, and have relatively short, rather square tails. They are predominantly green, with accenting colours that are quite vivid in some species.

The taxonomy of the yellow-crowned amazon (Amazona ochrocephala complex) is disputed, with some authorities listing only a single species (A. ochrocephala), and others splitting it into as many as three species (A. ochrocephala, A. auropalliata and A. oratrix).[1][2][3] The yellow-faced parrot, Alipiopsitta xanthops, was traditionally placed within the amazon parrot genus, but recent research has shown that it is more closely related to the short-tailed parrot and species from the genus Pionus; as a result, it has been transferred to the monotypic genus Alipiopsitta.[4][5]

Two extinct species have been postulated, based on limited evidence.[6][7] They are the Martinique amazon (Amazona martinica)[8][9] and the Guadeloupe amazon (Amazona violacea).[6][10][11] Amazon parrots were described living on Guadeloupe by Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre in 1667 and by Jean-Baptiste Labat in 1742, and they were called Psittacus violaceus at that time. Labat also described amazon parrots living on Martinique. There are no specimens or remains of either island population, so their taxonomy may never be fully elucidated. Their status as separate species is unproven and they are regarded as hypothetical extinct species.[6]

In 2017 a study published by ornithologists Tony Silva, Antonio Guzmán, Adam D. Urantówka and Paweł Mackiewicz proposed a new species for the Yucatan Peninsula area (Mexico), being this named blue-winged amazon (Amazona gomezgarzai).[12] However, subsequent studies question its validity, indicating that these organisms possibly had an artificial hybrid origin.[13]

Species

Species of amazon parrots in taxonomic sequence
Common and binomial names[7] Image Description Range
Festive amazon
(Amazona festiva)
Amazona festiva bodini -Tulsa Zoo-8a.jpg
 Mostly green, red forehead, deep blue outer wing feathers, red rump. Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela[14][15]
Vinaceous-breasted amazon
(Amazona vinacea)
Amazona vinacea -RSFP-8a-1c.jpg
 30 cm (12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, bluish nape, vinous-maroon breast.[16] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay[17]
Tucumán amazon
(Amazona tucumana)
Amazona tucumana -Loro Parque -Spain-8a-4cr.jpg
 31 cm (12 in) long, mostly green with feathers of the upper body being green with black margins. Red plumage on the forehead and forecrown, and the red does not extend around the white eye rings. Red primary wing feathers with no red at the bend of the wing. Orange thighs and red at the base of a green tail.[18] Argentina, Bolivia[19][20]
Red-spectacled amazon
(Amazona pretrei)
Amazona pretrei -Brazil-8.jpg
 32 cm (12.5 in) long, mostly green with a variable extent of red on the forehead, lores, and around the eyes. The eye rings are white and the bill is yellowish. Red on the bend of the wings with blue tips to the primary and secondary wing feathers.[21] Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay[22]
Black-billed amazon
(Amazona agilis)
Amazona agilis in zoo.jpeg
 25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green with small patches of red on the wing and sometimes flecked with red on the head, black beak.[23] Jamaica[24]
White-fronted amazon
(Amazona albifrons)
White-fronted Amazon (Amazona albifrons) -tree-3c.jpg
 25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green, white forehead with blue on the crown, red on the sides of the face. Sexual dimorphism: males have bright red feathers on their shoulders, while females have green shoulders. Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua[25][26]
Yellow-billed amazon
(Amazona collaria)
Amazona collaria -St. Andrew -Jamaica-8a-3c.jpg
 28 cm (11 in) long, mostly green, white face markings and white forehead, blue forecrown, pink throat and upper breast, bluish primaries, yellow bill.[27] Jamaica[28]
Cuban amazon
or rose-throated amazon
(Amazona leucocephala)
Amazona leucocephala -in tree-4cp.jpg
 28–33 cm (11–13 in) long, mostly green, white on the face, pink throat, brownish on the belly.[29] Cuba, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands[30][31]
Hispaniolan amazon
(Amazona ventralis)
Amazona ventralis -Dominican Republic-4a-4c.jpg
 28–31 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, white forehead, blue flight feathers, maroon belly and red in the tail feathers.[32] Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands[33]
Puerto Rican amazon
(Amazona vittata)
Puerto Rican parrot.jpg
 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, white eye rings.[34] Puerto Rico[35]
Lilac-crowned amazon
(Amazona finschi)
Lilac-crowned Amazon.jpg
 30.5–34.5 cm (12–14 in) long, mostly green, maroon forehead, violet-blue crown.[36] Northwestern to southwestern Mexico[36][37][38]
Red-lored amazon
(Amazona autumnalis)
Amazona autumnalis -The Parrot Zoo, Friskney, Lincolnshire, England-8a-2c.jpg
 32–35 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, red forehead and, in some subspecies, yellow cheeks (sometimes with red spots), blue crown. Central and South America[39][40]
Lilacine amazon
(Amazona autumnalis lilacina)
Amazona autumnalis lilacina -Chester Zoo -a pair-8a.jpg
 The lilacine amazon is a small parrot, approximately 34 cm long when mature, with primarily green plumage. Like the red-lored amazon, it has red lores and yellow cheeks; its distinguishing features include a fully black beak, and lilac-tipped feathers on its crown.[41][42] Western Ecuador to extreme south-western Colombia.[42]
Diademed amazon
(Amazona diadema)
Amazona diadema (26728838050).jpg
 Length of about 33 cm (13 in). Largely green bird with glimpses of red and black; many of the feathers are margined with contrasting colours giving a finely scalloped effect.[43] Amazon basin in northern Brazil;[43]
Red-crowned amazon
(Amazona viridigenalis)
Red Crowned Amazon.jpg
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, bright red forehead and crown, dark blue streaks behind the eyes, and light green cheeks. Less red on the crown of the female and the juvenile.[44] Native to Mexico; introduced to Puerto Rico and the United States[45]
Yucatan amazon
(Amazona xantholora)
Goldzuegelamazone.JPG
 Mostly green, blue crown and yellow on the sides of the face, horn-coloured (grey) beak. Belize, Honduras, Mexico[46][47]
Blue-cheeked amazon
or Dufresne's amazon
(Amazona dufresniana)
Amazona dufresniana -two captive-8a-2c.jpg
 34 cm (13.5 in) long, mostly green, blue cheeks. French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, possibly in northern Brazil[48][49]
Red-browed amazon
(Amazona rhodocorytha)
Amazona rhodocorytha -RSCF-6.jpg
 35 cm (14 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to brownish-purple on the crown, orange lores and yellow below the lores, bluish to violet cheeks and throat.[50] Eastern Brazil[51][52]
Red-necked amazon
(Amazona arausiaca)
Amazona arausiaca -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-4c.jpg
 40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and face, white bare eye rings, red patch on the throat (sometimes absent).[53] Dominica[54]
Saint Lucia amazon
(Amazona versicolor)
Amazona versicolor -St Lucia-5a.jpg
 43 cm (17 in) long, mostly green, blue face and forehead, red breast becoming maroon and mottled on the lower breast and belly.[55] Saint Lucia[56]
Yellow-headed amazon
(Amazona oratrix)
Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) -on wooden shelf.jpg
 35–38 cm (14–15 in) long, mostly green, yellow head.[57] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.[58]
Tres Marías amazon
(Amazona tresmariae)
Amazona oratrix -Cougar Mountain Zoological Park -hand-8a.jpg
 It has an all-yellow head, reaching to the foreneck and upper breast, and a yellow-tipped tail. It has white eyerings and orange-brown eyes. It has small red patches on its shoulders. Upperparts are paler green than Amazona oratrix and the underparts are blue-washed.[59] Islas Marías off the Pacific coast of Mexico
Yellow-naped amazon
(Amazona auropalliata)
Yellow naped amazon Morris MN 2007.JPG
 Mostly green, yellow band across the lower nape and hindneck. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua[60][61]
Yellow-crowned amazon
(Amazona ochrocephala)
Amazona ochrocephala -zoo-8.jpg
 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, mostly green, extent of the yellow on the head varies between subspecies. South America, Panama[62][63]
Panama amazon
(Amazona ochrocephala panamensis)
Amazona ochrocephala panamensis -captive-8a.jpg
 35 centimetres (13.8 in) in length, are bright green with a yellow area on the forehead, and a horn-colored (gray) beak, sometimes with a dark tip, but lacking the reddish coloring on the upper mandible that is present in the nominate yellow-crowned amazon.[64]
Yellow-shouldered amazon
(Amazona barbadensis)
Amazona barbadensis -pet-4.jpg
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, white forehead and lores, yellow crown and ear coverts, bare white eye rings. Yellow chin and shoulders. Some red and dark blue in the wing feathers.[65] The Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela[66]
Blue-fronted amazon
(Amazona aestiva)
Amazona aestiva -in tree-8.jpg
 38 cm (15 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and yellow on the face. Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina[67][68]
Scaly-naped amazon
(Amazona mercenarius)
Amazona mercenaria -Ecuador -Andes-8-4c.jpg
 Mostly green. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela[69][70]
Northern mealy amazon
(Amazona guatemalae)
Amazona farinosa -Macaw Mountain Bird Park-8b.jpg
 The northern mealy amazon has a total length of about 38–41 cm (15–16 in) and weighs 540–700 g (19–25 oz).[71][72] Central America
Southern mealy amazon
(Amazona farinosa)
Amazona farinosa -upper body -Elmwood Park Zoo-6.jpg
 38–41 cm (15–16 in) long, mostly green, extent of yellow and green on the forehead and crown varies between subspecies. Mexico, Central and South America[73][74]
Kawall's amazon
(Amazona kawalli)
Amazona kawalli JJK'1.jpg
 Large and mostly green, white skin at the base of the bill. Bolivia, Brazil[75][76]
Imperial amazon
(Amazona imperialis)
Amazona imperialis -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-3c.jpg
 45 cm (18 in) long, mostly green, purple neck, green-tipped red tail and purple below.[77] Dominica[77]
Red-tailed amazon
(Amazona brasiliensis)
Amazona brasiliensis 001 1280.jpg
 37 cm (14.4 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to purple on the crown. Blue throat, cheeks and over the ears. Red in the tail feathers.[78] Southeastern Brazil[51][79]
Orange-winged amazon
(Amazona amazonica)
Amazona amazonica 2c.jpg
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, blue and yellow feathers on the head which varies in extent between individuals. The upper mandible is partly horn-coloured (grey) and partly dark grey. It has orange feathers in the wings and tail. South America[80][81]
Saint Vincent amazon
(Amazona guildingii)
Amazona guildingii -Botanical Gardens -Kingstown -Saint Vincent-8a-4c.jpg
 40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, multi-coloured with a yellowish-white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts, grey feet, orange irises, and violet blue-green wings and tail feathers. There is a yellow-brown morph and a less common green morph.[82] The Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles[83]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Binford, L. (1989). "A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca." Ornithological Monographs. 43: 1–418.
  2. ↑ Monroe, B, Monroe, JR & Howell T. (1966). "Geographic variation in Middle American parrots of the Amazona ochrocephala complex". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 34. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
  3. ↑ For further on this issue, see the yellow-crowned amazon taxonomic section
  4. ↑ Duarte JMB and Caparroz R (1995) "Cytotaxonomic analysis of Brazilian species of the genus Amazona (Psittacidae, Aves) and confirmation of the genus Salvatoria (Ribeiro, 1920)." Brazilian Journal of Genetics 18:623–628.
  5. ↑ Russello, M A & Amato, G (2004) "A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30: 421–437.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Fuller, Errol (1987). Extinct Birds. Penguin Books (England). p. 131. ISBN 0-670-81787-2. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.022)". www.zoonomen.net. 2009-04-02. http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/psit.html. 
  8. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona martinicana. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  9. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona martinica". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=30083&m=0. 
  10. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona violacea. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  11. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona violacea". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=30082&m=0. 
  12. ↑ Silva, Tony; Guzmán, Antonio; Urantówka, Adam D; Mackiewicz, Paweł (June 27, 2017). "A new parrot taxon from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico—its position within genus Amazona based on morphology and molecular phylogeny". PeerJ 4420 (1): 139–147. doi:10.7717/peerj.3475. PMID 28674651. 
  13. ↑ Escalante, Patricia; Arteaga-Rojas, Abigail Eunice; Gutiérrez-Sánchez-Rüed, Mauricio (2018). "A new species of Mexican parrot? Reasonable doubt on the status of Amazona gomezgarzai (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)". Zootaxa 4420 (1): 139–147. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.9. PMID 30313559. 
  14. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona festiva. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  15. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona festiva". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1675&m=0. 
  16. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona collaria". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1686&m=0. 
  17. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona vinacea. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  18. ↑ Forshaw (2006). plate 108.
  19. ↑ BirdLife International 2005. Amazona tucumana. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  20. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona tucumana". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1667&m=0. 
  21. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona pretrei". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1668&m=0. 
  22. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona pretrei. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  23. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona agilis". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1665&m=0. 
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona agilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1042/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  25. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona albifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/48100/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  26. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona albifrons". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1663&m=0. 
  27. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona collaria". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1661&m=0. 
  28. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona collaria. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  29. ↑ Collar, p. 467
  30. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona leucocephala. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  31. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona leucocephala". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1660&m=0. 
  32. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona ventralis". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1662&m=0. 
  33. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona ventralis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  34. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona vittata". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1666&m=0. 
  35. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona vittata. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Collar, p. 469
  37. ↑ BirdLife International (2006). "Amazona finschi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1054/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  38. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona finschi". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1670&m=0. 
  39. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona autumnalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/48103/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  40. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona autumnalis". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1671&m=0. 
  41. ↑ Brough, Clarice. "Lilacine Amazon". Animal-World. http://animal-world.com/encyclo/birds/amazons/lilacineamazon.php. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr; Kim Franklin (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Forshaw, Joseph; Knight, Frank (2017). Vanished and Vanishing Parrots: Profiling Extinct and Endangered Species. Csiro Publishing. pp. 282–284. ISBN 978-0-643-10649-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=PG85DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA282. 
  44. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona viridigenalis". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1669&m=0. 
  45. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona viridigenalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1068/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  46. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona xantholora. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  47. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona xantholora". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1664&m=0. 
  48. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona dufresniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1051/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  49. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona dufresniana". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1672&m=0. 
  50. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona rhodocorytha". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1673&m=0. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Collar, p. 470
  52. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona rhodocorytha. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  53. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona arausiaca". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1688&m=0. 
  54. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona arausiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1045/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  55. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona versicolor". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1687&m=0. 
  56. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona versicolor. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  57. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona oratrix". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1679&m=0. 
  58. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona oratrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1061/0. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 
  59. ↑ https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia/yellow-headed-amazon
  60. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona auropalliata". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1680&m=0. 
  61. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona auropalliata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/48106/0. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 
  62. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona ochrocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/48107/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  63. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona ochrocephala". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1681&m=0. 
  64. ↑ Amazona ochrocephala. Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 16 February 2010.
  65. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona barbadensis". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1677&m=0. 
  66. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona barbadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1048/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  67. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona aestiva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/48105/0. Retrieved 12 August 2008. 
  68. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona aestiva". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1678&m=0. 
  69. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona mercenaria. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  70. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona mercenaria". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1683&m=0. 
  71. ↑ Birds of Venezuela by Hilty (2003) ISBN:0-691-09250-8
  72. ↑ The Birds of Ecuador vol. 2 by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) ISBN:0-7136-6117-8
  73. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona farinosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/48111/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  74. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona farinosa". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1685&m=0. 
  75. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona kawalli. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  76. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona kawalli". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1684&m=0. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "Species factsheet: Amazona imperialis". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1690&m=0. 
  78. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona brasiliensis". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1674&m=0. 
  79. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona brasiliensis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  80. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona amazonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/48108/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 
  81. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona amazonica". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1682&m=0. 
  82. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona guildingii". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1689&m=0. 
  83. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Amazona guildingii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1055/0. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 

Bibliography




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:List_of_amazon_parrots&oldid=2766705"