Biology:List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, modern classification by Mothé et al[1]
Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Amahuacatherium peruvium10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the Middle Miocene (approximately 12 million years ago) to the Holocene (6000 years BP).
The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.[2] An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community,[3][4][5][6] listed below.
Modern classification
- Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
- C. hyodon (Fischer 1814) (type)
- Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
- N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)
Former classification
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, as reported
Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px C. tropicus
10px Haplomastodon sp.
10px H. chimborazi
10px H. guayasensis
10px H. waringi
10px cf. Notiomastodon (platensis)
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px S. platensis
10px S. superbus
10px S. waringi
10px Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
10px Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
10px Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Amahuacatherium peruvium10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px C. tropicus
10px Haplomastodon sp.
10px H. chimborazi
10px H. guayasensis
10px H. waringi
10px cf. Notiomastodon (platensis)
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px S. platensis
10px S. superbus
10px S. waringi
10px Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
10px Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
10px Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Original classification
- Gomphotheriidae
- Cuvieroniinae
- Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
- C. arellanoi (Ochoterena & Silva 1970)
- C. hyodon (=C. humboldti) (Fischer 1814) (type)
- C. priestleyi (Hay & Cook 1930)
- C. tarijensis (Cabrera 1929)
- C. tropicus (Cope 1884) (=C. oligobunis (Cope 1893))
- Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950)
- H. chimborazi (Proaño 1922)
- H. guayasensis (Hoffstetter 1952)
- H. waringi (Holland 1920) (type)
- Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
- N. ornatus (=S. platensis)
- N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)
- N. vidali (Castellanos 1948)
- Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912)
- S. mirificus (Leidy 1858) (= "S. successor, S. arizonae, S. texanus") (type)
- S. platensis (Ameghino 1888)
- S. primitivus (Osborn 1936) (=S. rexroadensis)
- S. superbus (Casamiguela et al. 1996)
- S. waringi (Hoffstetter 1950)
- Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
- Cuvieroniinae
Gomphothere fossil finds
Formations are ordered according to their youngest age
Argentina
T
L
A
B
C
P
RD
SC
SN
PP
Q
PdB
RC
Ta
VR
AP
BS
AF
O
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Argentina
Notiomastodon (cf) platensis
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px S. platensis (TL)
10px S. superbus
10px S. waringi
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Notiomastodon (cf) platensis10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px S. platensis (TL)
10px S. superbus
10px S. waringi
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late Pleistocene | Urundel Fm. | Quebrada del Aguay, Salta | 596 m (1,955 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |
| Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero | 194 m (636 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |||
| Santa Clara Fm. | Santa Clara del Mar, Mar Chiquita Partido, Buenos Aires | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | ||
| San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires | 10 m (33 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis (TL 1) | |||
| Mid to Late Pleistocene | Yupoi Fm. | Arroyo Toropí-Level 3, Bellavista, Corrientes | 61 m (200 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |
| Luján Fm. | Luján, Buenos Aires | 21 m (69 ft) | Stegomastodon superbus | ||
| Playa del Barco, Monte Hermoso, El Conglomerado, Cascada Paleolama, Pehuen Có, Buenos Aires | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis (TL 2) | |||
| Aviá Terai, Chaco | 102 m (335 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |||
| Barranqueras, Chaco | 49 m (161 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Charata, Chaco | 100 m (330 ft) | Stegomastodon sp., Stegomastodon cf. platensis | |||
| Castelli, Chaco | 100 m (330 ft) | Stegomastodon cf. platensis | |||
| Pleistocene | El Palmar Fm. | Estancia El Palmar, Entre Ríos | 29 m (95 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |
| Punta Piedras, Punta Indio, Buenos Aires | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Río Carcarañá, Río Tercero, Santa Fe | 65 m (213 ft) | Mastodon sp. | |||
| Bajada de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos | 12 m (39 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Pampa de Olaen, Córdoba | 900 m (3,000 ft) | cf. Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Arroyo Feliciano Fm. | San José de Feliciano, Entre Ríos | 50 m (160 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | ||
| Tapalqué, Buenos Aires | 95 m (312 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Arroyo Perucho Verna Fm. | Villa Elisa, Entre Ríos | 27 m (89 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | ||
| Charbonier Fm. | Valle de Los Reartes, Córdoba | 870 m (2,850 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis ("=Notiomastodon sp.") | ||
| Tafí del Valle Fm. | Tafí del Valle, Tucumán | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. |
Bolivia
T
RR
U
Ñ
A
B
V
C
VM
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Bolivia
Cuvieronius hyodon (="C. andinum")
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
Cuvieronius hyodon (="C. andinum")10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pleistocene | Río Rujero, Tarija | 1,718 m (5,636 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | ||
| Ulloma Fm. | Río Desaguadero, Ulloma, Oruro | 3,880 m (12,730 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | ||
| Anzaldo, Cochabamba | 3,038 m (9,967 ft) | Cuvieronius sp. | |||
| Betanzos Basin, between Potosí and Sucre | 3,390 m (11,120 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Valle de Carohuaycho, between Camiri and Charagua | 1,080 m (3,540 ft) | Cuvieronius "andinum" | |||
| Chiquitos | 167 m (548 ft) | Cuvieronius "andinum" | |||
| Villa Montes, Tarija | 413 m (1,355 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Mid Pleistocene | Ñuapua Fm. | Ñuapua 1, Chuquisaca | 595 m (1,952 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |
| Early Pleistocene | Tarija Fm. | Tarija, Tarija | 973 m (3,192 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Notiomastodon sp., Stegomastodon sp. |
Brazil
BG
JB
G
B
O
S
J
GI
P
LP
LE
JF
TP
I
LG
It
A
TA
SN
SG
T
UR
Ac
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Brazil
Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Haplomastodon sp.
10px H. chimborazi
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Stegomastodon waringi
10px Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
10px Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Amahuacatherium peruvium10px Haplomastodon sp.
10px H. chimborazi
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Stegomastodon waringi
10px Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
10px Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holocene | Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina, Baixa Grande, Bahia | 400 m (1,300 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | ||
| Late Pleistocene | Garrincho, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí | 390 m (1,280 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | ||
| Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí | 300 m (980 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
| Gruta dos Brejões, Morro do Chapéu, Bahia | 500 m (1,600 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Toca dos Ossos, Ourolândia, Bahia | 770 m (2,530 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Fazenda Suse II, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia | 900 m (3,000 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Janaúba, Minas Gerais | 580 m (1,900 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Gruta do Ingá, Pains, Minas Gerais | 700 m (2,300 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Poté, Minas Gerais | 560 m (1,840 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Lapa do Caetano, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais | 685 m (2,247 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Lajedo de Escada, Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte | 122 m (400 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi ("= Notiomastodon platensis") | |||
| Caverna do Japonês & Nascente do Formoso, Serra da Bodoquena, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul | 373 m (1,224 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Picos II, Piranhas, Alagoas | 255 m (837 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Touro Passo Fm. | Touro Passo Creek, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul | 52 m (171 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | ||
| Pleistocene | Aguas do Araxá, Minas Gerais | 973 m (3,192 ft) | Haplomastodon waringi, Stegomastodon waringi | ||
| Inajá Fm. | Inajá, Pernambuco | 355 m (1,165 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | ||
| Lage Grande, Pesqueira, Pernambuco | 740 m (2,430 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi, Notiomastodon vidali | |||
| Roçado & Quixabinha, Petrolândia, Pernambuco | 320 m (1,050 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
| Santa Cruz do Capibaribe & Panelas, Pernambuco | 440 m (1,440 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. (="Stegomastodon") | |||
| Águas Belas & Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco | 360 m (1,180 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Lagoa das Pedras, Salgueiro, Pernambuco | 430 m (1,410 ft) | Haplomastodon waringi | |||
| Lagoa Lajinha, Petrolina, Pernambuco | 390 m (1,280 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi "(=H. waringi)" | |||
| Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco | 470 m (1,540 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. "(=Haplomastodon sp.)", S. waringi, Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Jirau & João Cativo, Itapipoca, Ceará | 65 m (213 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Taguara/Araras, Nova Mamoré & Porto Velho, Rondônia | 150 m (490 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Sitio Novo, Matina, Bahia | 490 m (1,610 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Vitória da Conquista, Bahia | 950 m (3,120 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Fazenda Caraíba, Coronel João Sá, Bahia | 266 m (873 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi, Notiomastodon platensis | |||
| Serro do Gronda, Espírito Santo | 25 m (82 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Taperoá, Paraíba | 530 m (1,740 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
| Upper Ribeira, São Paulo | 360 m (1,180 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Tortonian | Solimões Fm. | Río Acre, Acre | 274 m (899 ft) | Amahuacatherium peruvium |
Chile
RS
E
T
TB
P
O
RB
C
Pa
Te
Li
M
La
LP
Ch
T
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Chile
Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cuvieronius hyodon10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pleistocene | Taguatagua, O'Higgins | 206 m (676 ft) | C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) | ||
| Tierras Blancas & Los Vilos, La Ligua, Valparaíso | 943 m (3,094 ft) | C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) | |||
| Parral, Cauquenes, Maule | 150 m (490 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| San Pablo de Tramalhué, Pilauco Bajo, Osorno | 14 m (46 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Río Bueno, Valdivia | 10 m (33 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Paredones & Colchagua | 55 m (180 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Alto de Boroa, Temuco | 131 m (430 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Limahuida, Río Choapa | 282 m (925 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Casablanca | 313 m (1,027 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Chillán | 138 m (453 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Monte Verde | 59 m (194 ft) | C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) | |||
| Lagunillas, Valparaíso | 212 m (696 ft) | cf. hyodon | |||
| Catapilco, La Ligua | 103 m (338 ft) | cf. hyodon | |||
| Marchigüe, Colchagua | 170 m (560 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| El Trebal 1, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region | 424 m (1,391 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |||
| Río Salado 1, Chiu Chiu | 3,012 m (9,882 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Quebrada Quereo Fm. | Quereo | 20 m (66 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | ||
| Malloco, Santiago | 482 m (1,581 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Algarrobo | 5 m (16 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Melipilla | 269 m (883 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Cerrillos, Santiago | 516 m (1,693 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Chorro de la Vieja, Colchagua | 1,813 m (5,948 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Cachagua | 5 m (16 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Estero de Coyanco, Laja | 121 m (397 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Pliocene | Las Pozas/Chacabuco | 695 m (2,280 ft) | C. tropicus (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) |
Colombia
M
Sa
Ca
V
Cú
Y
Tu
R
Ti
C
S
To
A
M
Ta
Tr
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Colombia
Haplomastodon sp.
10px H. chimborazi
10px H. waringi
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px S. waringi
10px Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Haplomastodon sp.10px H. chimborazi
10px H. waringi
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px S. waringi
10px Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holocene | Quaternary alluvium | Yumbo, Valle del Cauca | 855 m (2,805 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |
| Turbaná, Bolívar | 80 m (260 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) | Sabana Fm. | Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Pubenza & Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna, Cundinamarca | 2,600 m (8,500 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi | |
| Curití, Santander | 1,400 m (4,600 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Soatá Fm. | Soatá, Boyacá | 1,950 m (6,400 ft) | Haplomastodon waringi | ||
| Rotinet Fm. | Rotinet, Repelón, Atlántico | 8 m (26 ft) | Haplomastodon waringi | ||
| Middle Pleistocene | Tocaima, Cundinamarca | 432 m (1,417 ft) | Haplomastodon waringi | ||
| Pleistocene | Arboleda, Nariño | 2,170 m (7,120 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | ||
| Mercaderes, Cauca | 1,170 m (3,840 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
| El Remolino, Taminango, Nariño | 1,470 m (4,820 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
| Toro, Valle del Cauca | 970 m (3,180 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Medellín, Antioquia | 1,500 m (4,900 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| El Cocuy, Boyacá | 2,750 m (9,020 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Duitama, Boyacá | 2,600 m (8,500 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Sáchica, Boyacá | 2,150 m (7,050 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Socotá, Boyacá | 2,440 m (8,010 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Tunja, Boyacá | 2,820 m (9,250 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Villa de Leyva, Boyacá | 2,150 m (7,050 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Salamina, Caldas | 1,820 m (5,970 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca | 1,750 m (5,740 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Carrizal, Uribia, La Guajira | 53 m (174 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja, Huila | 430 m (1,410 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Cúcuta, Norte de Santander | 320 m (1,050 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Pamplona, Norte de Santander | 2,340 m (7,680 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Agualinda, Lebrija, Santander | 1,050 m (3,440 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Vélez, Santander | 2,050 m (6,730 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Ibagué, Tolima | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Ortega, Tolima | 2,680 m (8,790 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| La Victoria, Valle del Cauca | 900 m (3,000 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Zarzal, Valle del Cauca | 900 m (3,000 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. |
Ecuador
I
B
M
LP
H
P
Q
TL
LC
QP
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Ecuador
Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)
10px Haplomastodon chimborazi
10px H. guayasensis
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)10px Haplomastodon chimborazi
10px H. guayasensis
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid to Late Pleistocene | Tablazo Fm. | Río Cañas, Montecristi, Manabí | 100 m (330 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |
| Pleistocene | Imbabura, Imbabura | 3,200 m (10,500 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon (TL) | ||
| Region de La Paz, Carchi | 2,690 m (8,830 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Hacienca Pucará, Carchi | 3,000 m (9,800 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Calderón/Carapungo, Quito, Pichincha | 2,630 m (8,630 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Alangasí, Quito, Pichincha | 2,539 m (8,330 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Punín, Chalán, Chimborazo | 2,994 m (9,823 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Tumbaco, Pichincha | 2,360 m (7,740 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Llano Chico, Quito, Pichincha | 2,610 m (8,560 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Quebrada La Tola, Quito, Pichincha | 2,343 m (7,687 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Checa, Pichincha | 2,520 m (8,270 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| La Carolina, Santa Elena | 5 m (16 ft) | Haplomastodon guayasensis | |||
| Tanque Loma, Santa Elena | 21 m (69 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. (cf. N. platensis) | |||
| Quebrada Pistud, Bolívar, Carchi | 2,760 m (9,060 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
| Baños, Cuenca | 2,760 m (9,060 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon |
Paraguay
G
P
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pleistocene | General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes | 55 m (180 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | ||
| Puerto Santa Rosa, San Pedro | 72 m (236 ft) | cf. Notiomastodon |
Peru
CC
S
T
H
Ce
Cu
O
J
A
Q
P
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Peru
Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Stegomastodon sp. "=Haplomastodon"[136]
10px S. waringi
Amahuacatherium peruvium10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Stegomastodon sp. "=Haplomastodon"[136]
10px S. waringi
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late Pleistocene | La Brea, Talara, Piura | 3 m (9.8 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | ||
| Cupinisque Desert, La Libertad | 2 m (6.6 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Ocucaje, Ica | 500 m (1,600 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Quebrada El Jahuay, Arequipa | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| La Huaca, Piura | 17 m (56 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Ayusbamba, Cuzco | 3,500 m (11,500 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
| Quipan, Canta, Lima | 2,200 m (7,200 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Pasamayo Quarry, Lima | 10 m (33 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| Pleistocene | Sacaco 2, Arequipa | 750 m (2,460 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | ||
| Celendín, Cajamarca | 2,500 m (8,200 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Tortonian | Madre de Dios Fm. | Cerro Colorado, Madre de Dios | 300 m (980 ft) | Amahuacatherium peruvium |
Uruguay
V
C
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late Pleistocene | Dolores Fm. | Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo | 105 m (344 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |
| Mid to Late Pleistocene | Casil Quarry, Montevideo | 17 m (56 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi |
Venezuela
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MG
Gu
Z
PN
Co
Ca
EA
M
MN
O
Cm
SP
GS
Q
G
SJ
LG
C
T
Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Venezuela
?Cuvieronius sp.
10px Haplomastodon chimborazi
10px H. sp. &/= Stegomastodon waringi
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
?Cuvieronius sp.10px Haplomastodon chimborazi
10px H. sp. &/= Stegomastodon waringi
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
| Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late Pleistocene | Cucuruchú, Barquisimeto | 566 m (1,857 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon") | ||
| Taima-Taima, Falcón | 40 m (130 ft) | Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi | |||
| San Miguel, Lara | 998 m (3,274 ft) | ?Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Quíbor, Lara | 694 m (2,277 ft) | ?Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Quebrada de Guadalupe, Lara | 590 m (1,940 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| San Juan de los Morros, Guárico | 450 m (1,480 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
| Los Guamos, Trujillo | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) | ?Cuvieronius sp. | |||
| Minas de Guaniamo, Cedeño, Bolívar | 250 m (820 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Los Guayos, Guacara, Carabobo | 440 m (1,440 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Zanja de Lira, Cojedes | 70 m (230 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| La Ciénega, Pueblo Nuevo, Falcón | 60 m (200 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Coro, Falcón | 28 m (92 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Camaguán, Guárico | 50 m (160 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Barbacoas, Lara | 1,500 m (4,900 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Carora, Lara | 425 m (1,394 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| La Cruz, Guardagallos, Quebrada del Totumo, Urdaneta, Lara | 185 m (607 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| El Anís, Mérida | 499 m (1,637 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Maturín, Monagas | 90 m (300 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Mundo Nuevo, Monagas | 900 m (3,000 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Orocual, Monagas | 145 m (476 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Cumanacoa, Sucre | 231 m (758 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Agua Viva, Trujillo | 120 m (390 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Serranía del Perijá, Zulia | 175 m (574 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
| Minas de Guasare-Socuy, Zulia | 26 m (85 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. |
Proposed reclassification
Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[3][4][5][6]
- Stegomastodon (Pohlig, 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
- Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
- as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
- all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
- Cuvieronius is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon, containing the single local species C. hyodon
Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.[90]
Evolution
- Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America[3]
- Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves[156]
Gallery
Global distribution Gomphotheriidae
Cuvieronius hyodon
Notiomastodon
Notiomastodon
Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon
Reconstructed gomphotheres, Osorno, Chile
.jpg)
See also
- Gomphothere
- Great American Biotic Interchange
- South American land mammal ages
- List of fossil primates of South America
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
- ↑ Defler, Thomas (2018-12-19). History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times. Springer. ISBN 9783319984490. OCLC 1086568896.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lucas, 2013
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mothé et al., 2012
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mothé et al., 2016a
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mothé et al., 2016b
- ↑ Zacarías et al., 2012
- ↑ Alberdi et al., 2008
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Alberdi & Prado, 2008, p.179
- ↑ Miño et al., 2005, p.2
- ↑ Arroyo Toropí-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Tonni et al., 1985, p.259
- ↑ Luján at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Tomassini et al., 2010
- ↑ Prado et al., 2012, p.624
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Zurita et al., 2004
- ↑ Aviá Terai at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Barranqueras at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Charata at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Castelli at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Tonni, 1987
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Chimento & Agnolin, 2011
- ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.162
- ↑ Estancia El Palmar at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pomi, 2008
- ↑ Iriondo & Kröhling, 2007, p.7
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Fernicola et al., 2009
- ↑ Krapovickas & Tauber, 2016
- ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.32
- ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.108
- ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.407
- ↑ Río Rujero at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.644
- ↑ Río Desaguadero at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
- ↑ Pardo et al., 2003, pp.350-351
- ↑ (in Spanish) Registran una nueva especie de mastodonte en Villa Montes
- ↑ Ñuapua 1 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Ñuapua 2 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ MacFadden & Shockey, 1997
- ↑ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Tarija 2 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Da Costa & De Souza, 2009
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Souza Lobo et al., 2015, p.333
- ↑ Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Garrincho at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Guérin et al., 1999, p.136
- ↑ Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 Alberdi et al., 2002, p.219
- ↑ Gruta dos Brejoes at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Toca dos Ossos at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Fazenda Suse II at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Janauba at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Alberdi et al., 2002, p.218
- ↑ De Oliveira et al., 2007, p.410
- ↑ Gruta do Ingá at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Poté at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Alberdi et al., 2002, p.220
- ↑ Lapa do Caetano at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ (in Spanish) Fossils of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais – Pueblos Originarios
- ↑ De Souza Barbosa, 2013, p.5
- ↑ Lajedo de Escada at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Parisi et al., 2016, p.2
- ↑ Bonito at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Asakura et al., 2014, p.5
- ↑ Kerber et al., 2014, p.254
- ↑ Simpson & De Couto, 1957
- ↑ Aguas do Araxa at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Aguas do Araxá 2 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Lage Grande Level 2, Pernambuco at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Marinho da Silva et al., 2003, p.2
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.46
- ↑ Lage Grande Level 1 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Lage Grande Level 2 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.45
- ↑ Guérin, 1993, p.17
- ↑ Oliveira et al., 2009, p.81
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 De Araújo et al., 2012, p.99
- ↑ Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.47
- ↑ Trindade Dantas & Zucon, 2007, p.192
- ↑ Fazenda Caraíba at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Serro do Gronda at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Taperoa at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Ghilardi et al., 2011
- ↑ Upper Ribeira at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 87.00 87.01 87.02 87.03 87.04 87.05 87.06 87.07 87.08 87.09 87.10 87.11 87.12 87.13 87.14 87.15 87.16 87.17 87.18 87.19 Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2000, p.207
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2005, p.103
- ↑ Pardo et al., 2003, p.353
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Labarca et al., 2016
- ↑ López et al., 2010, p.13
- ↑ Labarca & Alcaraz, 2011, p.160
- ↑ Las Pozas/Hacienda Chacabuco at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 94.00 94.01 94.02 94.03 94.04 94.05 94.06 94.07 94.08 94.09 94.10 94.11 94.12 94.13 94.14 94.15 94.16 94.17 94.18 94.19 94.20 Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
- ↑ Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pardo Jaramillo, 2012
- ↑ Turbaná at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 De Porta, 1969, p.92
- ↑ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
- ↑ Hammen, 1986, p.29
- ↑ Curití at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996
- ↑ Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
- ↑ Soatá at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
- ↑ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
- ↑ Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ De Porta, 1961, p.52
- ↑ Bürgl, 1956
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
- ↑ Cantalamessa et al., 2001
- ↑ Río Canas at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Carrión, s.a.
- ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 117.4 117.5 117.6 117.7 117.8 117.9 Hoffstetter, 1952
- ↑ Region de La Paz at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hacienda Pucará at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Calderón/Carapungo at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Alangasí at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Punín, Chalán at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Tumbaco at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Llano Chico at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Quebrada La Tola at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Checa at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ La Carolina at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Lindsey & López, 2015, p.70
- ↑ Ferretti, 2010, p.667
- ↑ Marshall et al., 1984, p.50
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1978
- ↑ Ríos et al., 2013
- ↑ Báez et al., 2004
- ↑ General Bruguer/Riacho Negro at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Ríos et al, 2014
- ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 136.3 136.4 136.5 136.6 Pujos & Salas, 2004a
- ↑ La Brea Talara at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.428
- ↑ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.446
- ↑ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.426
- ↑ Pujos & Salas, 2004b
- ↑ Sacaco 2 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Celendín at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Campbell et al., 2009, p.114
- ↑ Alberdi et al., 2007
- ↑ Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Gutiérrez et al., 2005
- ↑ Alvarenga et al., 2010
- ↑ Casil Quarry at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cucuruchu at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 151.00 151.01 151.02 151.03 151.04 151.05 151.06 151.07 151.08 151.09 151.10 151.11 151.12 151.13 151.14 151.15 151.16 151.17 151.18 151.19 151.20 151.21 151.22 151.23 Carrillo et al., 2008, p.252
- ↑ Morón, 2015
- ↑ Bryan et al., 1978
- ↑ Taima-Taima at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Taima-Taima Unit 1 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33
Bibliography
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Publications Argentina
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- Cozzuol, Mario (2006). "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21 (3): 185–203. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005. Bibcode: 2006JSAES..21..185C. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222357514. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Marinho da Silva, Fabiana; Da Silva Alves, Rosembergh; Franca Barreto, Alcina Magnólia; Bezerra de Sá, Fabrício; Borges de Lins e Silva, Ana Carolina (2006). "A megafauna Pleistocênica do Estado de Pernambuco". Estudos Geológicos 16: 55–66. https://www.ufpe.br/estudosgeologicos/paginas/edicoes/2006162/2006162t04.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Marinho da Silva, Fabiana; Franca Barreto, Alcina Magnólia; Bezerra de Sá, Fabrício; Borges de Lins e Silva, Ana Carolina (2003). "Levantamento das ocorrências dos fósseis de mamíferos Quaternários do Estado de Pernambuco – resultados preliminares" (in pt-BR). http://www.abequa.org.br/trabalhos/quatcont_270.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Cartelle, Cástor (2002). "El registro de Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno superior de Brasil". Revista Española de Paleontología 17: 217–235. https://www.academia.edu/1037851. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Guérin, Claude; Fauré, Martine; Simões, Paulo R.; Hugueney, Marguerite; Mourer Chauvire, Cécile (1999). "Toca da Janela da Barra do Antonião, São Raimundo Nonato, PI – Rica fauna pleistocênica e registro da Pré-história brasileira". SIGEP 69: 131–137. http://sigep.cprm.gov.br/sitio069/sitio069.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Lessa, Gisele; Cartelle, Cástor; Farias, Helen D.; Gonçalves, Pablo R. (1998). "Novos achados de mamíferos carnívoros do Pleistoceno Final – Holoceno em grutas calcáreas do estado da Bahia". Acta Geologica Leopoldensia 21: 157–169. https://www.academia.edu/1153459. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Guérin, Claude (1993). "La faune pléistocène de la Lagoa da Pedra à Conceição das Creoulas / Salgueiro, Pernambouc, Brésil". CLIO Série Arqueológica 9: 15–20. https://www.ufpe.br/clioarq/images/documentos/1993-N9/1993a2.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Simpson, George Gaylord; Couto, Carlos de Paula (1957). "The mastodonts of Brazil". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 112: 129–189.
Publications Chile
- Labarca, Rafael; Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Mansilla, P.; Mourgues, F.A. (2016). "Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central". Estudios Geológicos 72: e046. doi:10.3989/egeol.42199.385. http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/941/1075. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Labarca E., Rafael; Alcaraz, M. Alejandra (2011). "Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (=Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela) (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35ºS)". Andean Geology 38: 156–170. doi:10.5027/andgeoV38n1-a09. http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/andgeol/v38n1/art08.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- López Mendoza, Patricio; Rojas, Osvaldo; Mansilla, Pablo; Olivares, Luis; Martínez, Ismael (2010). "Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos". Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona 17: 11–25. http://tmgb.museucienciesjournals.cat/wp-content/blogs.dir/5/files/TMG-V17-pp-11-25.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Frassinetti, D.; Alberdi, María Teresa (2005). "Presencia del género Stegomastodon entre los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae), Pleistoceno Superior". Estudios Geológicos 61 (1–2): 101–107. doi:10.3989/egeol.05611-245. http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2338/1/mastodontes.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Frassinetti, D.; Alberdi, María Teresa (2000). "Revisión y estudio de los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae): Cuvieronius hyodon, Pleistoceno superior". Estudios Geológicos 56 (3–4): 197–208. doi:10.3989/egeol.00563-4151. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26580754. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Publications Colombia
- Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio (2012). "Reporte del hallazgo de un cráneo de Stegostadon (sic) waringi (Holland, 1920) juvenil (Mammalia, Proboscidea) en la zona rural del municipio de Turbaná, Bolívar, Colombia". Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 36: 203–210. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0370-39082012000200004. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice; Escobar Quemba, Ingrid Carolina (2010). "Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia". Geología Colombiana 35: 50–57. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24535/1/21722-118331-1-PB.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Rodríguez Flórez, Carlos David; Rodríguez Flórez, Ernesto León; Rodríguez, Carlos Armando (2009). "Revision of Pleistocenic Gomphotheriidae Fauna in Colombia and case report in the Department of Valle Del Cauca". Scientific Bulletin (Museum Center – Natural History Museum) 13: 78–85. http://200.21.104.25/boletincientifico/downloads/Boletin13(2)_COMPLETO.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Villarroel A., Carlos S.; Clavijo, Jairo (2005). "Los Mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la costa Caribe colombiana". Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales XXIX: 345–356. http://studylib.es/doc/8468885/los-mam%C3%ADferos-f%C3%B3siles-y-las-edades-de-las-sedimentitas. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Villarroel A., Carlos S.; Brieva B., Jorge; Cadena, Alberto (1996). "La Fauna de Mamíferos Fósiles del Pleistoceno de Jutua, Municipio de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia)". Geología Colombiana 21: 81–87. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/32086/1/31431-113911-1-PB.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Correal Urrego, Gonzalo (1990). "Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia – Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia" (in es). Revista de Arqueología Americana 1: 69–89. http://peru.inka.free.fr/Runapacha/pleiscol.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Van der Hammen, Thomas (1986). "Cambios medioambientales y la extinción del mastodonte en el norte de los Andes". Revista de Antropología, Universidad de los Andes II: 27–34.
- Hoffstetter, Robert (1971). "Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados". pp. 37–62. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/31246/1/30399-109998-1-PB.pdf.
- De Porta, Jaime (1969). "Les vertébrés fossiles de Colombie et les problèmes posés par l'isolemant du continent Sud-Américain". Palaeovertebrata 2 (2): 77–94. doi:10.18563/pv.2.2.77-94. http://docplayer.fr/27698698-Les-vertebres-fossiles-de-colombie-et-les-problemes-poses-par-l-isolement-du-continent-sud-americain.html. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- De Porta, Jaime (1961). "La posición estratigráfica de la fauna de Mamíferos del pleistoceno de la Sabana de Bogotá". Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 7: 37–54. http://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistaboletindegeologia/article/viewFile/4260/4556. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Bürgl, Hans (1956). "Restos de Megatherium y otros fósiles de Quipile, Cundinamarca". http://catalogo.sgc.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10457.
Publications Ecuador
- Lindsey, Emily L.; López R, Eric X. (2015). "Tanque Loma, a new late-Pleistocene megafaunal tar seep locality from southwest Ecuador". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 57: 61–82. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.11.003. Bibcode: 2015JSAES..57...61L. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Lindsey%20and%20Lopez%202015.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Ferretti, Marco P (2010). "Anatomy of Haplomastodon chimborazi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and its bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of South American gomphotheres". Geodiversitas 32 (4): 663–721. doi:10.5252/g2010n4a3. http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2010n4a3.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Carrión, José Luis Ramón. "La Paleontología en el Ecuador; Historia y perspectivas". http://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/bitstream/15000/3849/1/icbio_paleontologia_ecuador.pdf.
- G. Cantalamessa; C. Di Celma; G. Bianucci; G. Carnevale; M. Coltorti; M. Delfino; G. Ficcarelli; M. Moreno Espinosa et al. (2001). "A new vertebrate fossiliferous site from the Late Quaternary at San José on the north coast of Ecuador: preliminary note". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 14 (3): 331–334. doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00027-X. Bibcode: 2001JSAES..14..331C.
- Hoffstetter, Robert (1952). "Les mammifères pleistocènes de la République de l'Équateur". Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 66. https://eurekamag.com/research/024/945/024945356.php. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Publications Paraguay
- Ríos Díaz, Sergio D.; Luna, Carlos A.; Souberlich, Ricardo; Aguilera, Paula; Gadea de Campos Cevera, Ana M.; Godoy Araña, Ana (2014). "Mamíferos del Cuaternario de Puerto Santa Rosa, Departamento de San Pedro, Paraguay". Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 18: 67–76. http://www.faunaparaguay.com/Bol18rios.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Báez Presser, Jaime Leonardo; Buongermini, Emilio; Fillipi Amábile, Víctor Orlando; Fernández Crossas, Víctor; Báez Almadas, Adolfo Benicio; Zarza Limas, Pedro Ramón; Oporto Migone, Orlando (2004). "Algunos antecedentes paleontológicos del Paraguay". Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 15: 95–110. http://www.geologiadelparaguay.com/Antecedentes%20Paleontologicos%20del%20Paraguay.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Hoffstetter, Robert (1978). "Une faune de Mammifères pleistocènes au Paraguay". Compte Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société Géologique de France 1: 32–33. http://www.geologiadelparaguay.com/Hoffstetter.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Publications Peru
- Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2004a). "A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 33 (2): 331–377. doi:10.4000/bifea.5746. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26431588. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2004b). "A new species of Megatherium (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco and Tres Ventanas, Peru". Palaeontology 47 (3): 579–604. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00376.x. Bibcode: 2004Palgy..47..579P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40661194. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Salas, Rodolfo (2004). "The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from Peru". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 231 (3): 423–452. doi:10.1127/njgpa/231/2004/423. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279543665. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Publications Uruguay
- Alvarenga, Herculano; Jones, Washington William; Rinderknecht, Andrés (2010). "The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 256 (2): 229–234. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233512584. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2007). "Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 243 (2): 179–189. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0179. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233709766. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Gutiérrez, Mercedes; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2005). "Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2005 (11): 641–662. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2005/2005/641. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285935178. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Publications Venezuela
- Morón, Camilo (2015). "Panorama geológico, paleontológico, arqueológico, histórico y mitológico del estado Falcón". Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes 33: 104–126. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/712/71241008006.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Carrillo B., Jorge; Chávez A., Edwin; Alfonzo H, Imerú (2008). "Notas preliminares sobre los Mastodontes Gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del cuaternario venezolano". Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes 26: 233–263. http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/30824/1/articulo2.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Bryan, Alan L.; Casamiquela, Rodolfo M.; Cruxent, José M.; Gruhn, Ruth; Ochsenius, Claudio (1978). "An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-taima, Venezuela". Science 200 (4347): 1275–1277. doi:10.1126/science.200.4347.1275. PMID 17738722. Bibcode: 1978Sci...200.1275B. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/200/4347/1275/tab-article-info. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Publications proposed reclassification
- Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban et al. (2016a). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)". Quaternary International 443: 52–64. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028. Bibcode: 2017QuInt.443...52M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308794161. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2016b). "The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha". PLoS ONE 11 (1): e0147009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009. PMID 26756209. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1147009M.
- Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2015). "Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea)". Quaternary Science Reviews 110: 23–35. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270913111. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mário; Winck, Gisele R. (2012). "Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands". Quaternary International 276-277: 2–7. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018. Bibcode: 2012QuInt.276....2M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251636493. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Lucas, Spencer G (2013). "The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres". Journal of Palaeogeography 2: 19–40. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383615301292. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- Lucas, Spencer G (2008). "Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World". Neogene Mammals – New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 44: 409–415. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281863518. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
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