Earth:South American land mammal age

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Short description: Geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna
South American land mammal age is located in South America
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
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Locations of SALMA type localities
White pog.svg Pleistocene ages
14px Pliocene ages
14px Miocene ages
14px Oligocene ages
14px Eocene ages
Orange pog.svg Paleocene ages

The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]

The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Background

South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.

Paleogeographic timeline

A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]

  • 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
  • 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
  • 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
  • 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
  • 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
  • 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
  • 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. The main migrational route is from north to south, rather than the opposite way. This led to much higher extinction levels of groups in South America than in North America.
  • Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
  • Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
Albian
Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica

Definitions

Epoch SALMA Top age (Ma) Base age (Ma) Etymology Country Location
Holocene
0
0.011
Late Pleistocene Lujanian
0.011
0.8
 Luján Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Mid Pleistocene Ensenadan
0.8
1.2
 La Ensenada Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Early Pleistocene Uquian
1.2
3.0
 Uquía Formation  Argentina Jujuy Province
Late Pliocene Chapadmalalan
3.0
4.0
 Chapadmalal Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Early Pliocene Montehermosan
4.0
6.8
 Monte Hermoso Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Late Miocene
Huayquerian
6.8
9.0
 Huayquerías Formation  Argentina Mendoza Province
Chasicoan
9.0
10.0
 Arroyo Chasicó Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Mayoan
10.0
11.8
 Río Mayo Formation  Argentina Chubut Province
Mid Miocene Laventan
11.8
13.8
 La Venta fauna  Colombia Huila Department
Colloncuran
13.8
15.5
 Collón Curá Formation  Argentina Neuquén Province
Early Miocene Friasian
15.5
16.3
 Río Frías Formation  Chile Aysén Region
Santacrucian
16.3
17.5
 Santa Cruz Formation  Argentina Santa Cruz Province
Colhuehuapian
17.5
21.0
 Colhué Huapí Member  Argentina Chubut Province
Deseadan
21.0
29.0
 Deseado Formation  Argentina Santa Cruz Province
Late Oligocene
Early Oligocene Tinguirirican
29.0
36.0
 Tinguiririca fauna  Chile O'Higgins Region
Late Eocene
Late Eocene Divisaderan
36.0
42.0
 Divisadero Largo Formation  Argentina Mendoza Province
Middle Eocene Mustersan
42.0
48.0
 Lake Musters  Argentina Chubut Province
Early Eocene Casamayoran
48.0
54.0
 Casamayor Formation  Argentina Santa Cruz Province
Itaboraian
54.0
54.0
 Itaboraí Formation  Brazil Rio de Janeiro State
Riochican
54.0
57.0
 Río Chico Group  Argentina Chubut Province
Late Paleocene
Mid Paleocene Peligran
59.0
62.5
 Punta Peligro  Argentina Chubut Province
Early Paleocene Tiupampan
62.5
64.5
 Tiupampa  Bolivia Cochabamba Department

Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America

The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:

SALMA Formations Country Location Notes
Lujanian Luján Formation  Argentina Salado Basin
[3][4]
Chaco Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[5][6][7]
Chíu-Chíu Formation  Chile Calama Basin
[8]
Dolores Formation  Uruguay Norte Basin
[9][10]
El Palmar Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[11]
Fortin Tres Pozos Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[12][13][14]
Los Hoyos beds  Colombia Upper Magdalena Valley
[15]
La Huaca Formation  Peru Sechura Basin
[16]
La Invernada Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[17]
Ñuapua Formation  Bolivia Chuquisaca Department
[18][19]
Pampa La Brea Formation  Peru Talara Basin
[20]
Rotinet Formation  Colombia Sinú-San Jacinto Basin
[21]
Sabana Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[22]
Saladillo Formation  Argentina Pampean Region
[23]
Salto Ander Egg Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[24]
San Sebastián Formation  Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[25]
Santa Clara Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
[26]
Santa Vitória Formation  Brazil Pelotas Basin
[27]
Soatá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[28]
Sopas Formation  Uruguay Norte Basin
[29]
Tarija Formation  Bolivia Tarija Basin
[30]
Tezanos Pinto Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[31]
Touro Passo Formation  Brazil Paraná Basin
[32]
Ulloma Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
Ensenadan La Ensenada Formation  Argentina Salado Basin
[34][35]
Belgrano Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
[36]
Chíu-Chíu Formation  Chile Calama Basin
[8]
Graxaim Formation  Brazil Pelotas Basin
[37]
Mesa Formation  Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin
[38]
Miramar Formation  Argentina Claromecó Basin
[39]
Sabana Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[22]
Tarija Formation  Bolivia Tarija Basin
[30]
Ulloma Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
Umala Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Uquía Formation  Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes
[41]
Vorohué Formation  Argentina Claromecó Basin
[42]
Yupoí Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[43][44]
Uquian Uquía Formation  Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes
[41]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
Charana Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Chíu-Chíu Formation  Chile Calama Basin
[8]
Hernandarías Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[46]
La Paz Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
Sacaba Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[47]
San Andrés Formation  Argentina Claromecó Basin
[39]
San Gregorio Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[48]
Umala Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Vorohué Formation  Argentina Claromecó Basin
[42]
Ware Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Chapadmalalan Chapadmalal Formation  Argentina Claromecó Basin
[50][51]
Puerto Alvear Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[52]
Andalhuala Formation  Argentina Santa María-Hualfín Basin
[53]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
Brochero Formation  Argentina Sierras de Córdoba
[54]
Chíu-Chíu Formation  Chile Calama Basin
[8]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
Horcón Formation  Chile Valparaíso Basin
[56]
La Paz Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
La Portada Formation  Chile Tiburón Basin
[57]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Río Quinto Formation  Argentina Pampa de Las Salinas Basin
[60]
San Gregorio Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[48]
San José Formation  Argentina
 Uruguay		 Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin
[61]
Toro Negro Formation  Argentina Sierra de Los Colorados
[62]
Umala Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Ware Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Montehermosan Monte Hermoso Formation  Argentina Claromecó Basin
[63][64][65]
Aconquija Formation  Argentina Sierra del Aconquija
[66][67]
Andalhuala Formation  Argentina Santa María-Hualfín Basin
[53]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
Caleta Herradura Formation  Chile Tiburón Basin
[68]
Casira Formation  Bolivia Potosí mountain range
[69]
Codore Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[70]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
Corral Quemado Formation  Argentina Santa María-Hualfín Basin
[71]
Ipururo Formation  Peru Ucayali Basin
[72][73]
La Paz Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
Letrero Formation  Ecuador Nabón Basin
[74]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
Onzole Formation  Ecuador Borbón Basin
[76]
Palo Pintado Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[77]
Paraguaná Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[78]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Puerta del Diablo Formation  Argentina Valdés Basin
[79]
Raigón Formation  Uruguay Norte Basin
[80]
Remedios Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Río Negro Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[81]
Río Quinto Formation  Argentina Pampa de Las Salinas Basin
[60]
San José Formation  Argentina
 Uruguay		 Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin
[61]
Solimões Formation  Brazil Solimões Basin
[82]
Umala Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Huayquerian Huayquerías Formation  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[83][84]
Andalhuala Formation  Argentina Santa María-Hualfín Basin
[53]
Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
Camacho Formation  Uruguay Norte & Santa Lucía Basins
[85]
Cerro Azul Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[81][86][87]
Chiquimil Formation  Argentina Santa María-Hualfín Basin
[53][88]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
Las Flores Formation  Argentina Sierra del Tontal
[89]
Entrerriana Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[note 1]
Epecuén Formation  Argentina Claromecó Basin
[note 2]
Içá Formation  Brazil Madre de Deus Basin
[90]
Iñapari Formation  Peru Madre de Dios Basin
[91]
India Muerta Formation  Argentina Sierras Pampeanas
[92]
Ituzaingó Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[93][94]
Kiyu Formation  Uruguay Santa Lucía Basin
[95][note 3]
Madre de Dios Formation  Peru Madre de Dios Basin
[97]
Maimará Formation  Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes
[98]
Mauri Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Miramar Formation  Peru Sechura Basin
[100]
El Morterito Formation  Argentina Cajón Valley
[101]
Muyu Huasi Formation  Bolivia Muyu Huasi Basin
[102]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
Palo Pintado Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[77]
Paraná Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103][104]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Piquete Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[106]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Quehua Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[107]
Raigón Formation  Uruguay Norte Basin
[80]
Rosa Pata Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[108]
Saldungaray Formation  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
[87]
Salicas Formation  Argentina Sierra de Velasco
[109]
Solimões Formation  Brazil Solimões Basin
[82]
Urumaco Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[110]
Chasicoan Arroyo Chasicó Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[81]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
Caujarao Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[70]
Cerro Azul Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[81][86][87]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
Loma de Las Tapias Formation  Argentina Tulum Valley
[111]
Madre de Dios Formation  Peru Madre de Dios Basin
[97]
Mauri Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
Palo Pintado Formation  Argentina Angastaco Basin
[77]
Paraná Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Puerto Madryn Formation  Argentina Valdés Basin
[112]
Urumaco Formation - Urumaco fauna  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[110]
Mayoan Río Mayo Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[113]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
Huaylas Formation  Chile Parinacota Province
[115]
Mauri Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
Paraná Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Puerto Madryn Formation  Argentina Valdés Basin
[112]
Urumaco Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[110]
Yecua Formation  Bolivia Paraná Basin
[116]
Laventan Honda Group - La Venta fauna  Colombia Upper Magdalena Valley
[117]
Honda Group - Quebrada Honda fauna  Bolivia Quebrada Honda Basin
[118]
Aisol Formation  Argentina San Rafael Block
[119]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
Capadare Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[120]
Choquecota Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
Ipururo Formation  Peru Ucayali Basin
[72][73]
Mariño Formation  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
Mauri Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Paraná Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Santa Inés Formation  Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin
[123]
Sincelejo Formation  Colombia Sinú-San Jacinto Basin
[124]
Socorro Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[125]
Urumaco Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[110]
Colloncuran Collón Curá Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
Neuquén Basin
[126][127]
Castilletes Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Cerdas beds  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[128]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
Mariño Formation  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
Mauri Formation  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Nazareno Formation  Bolivia Tupiza Basin
[99]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Friasian Río Frías Formation  Chile Aysén Basin
[129][130]
Castilletes Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Chilcatay Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
Parángula Formation  Venezuela Barinas-Apure Basin
[133]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Río Foyel Formation  Argentina Patagonian Andes
[134][135]
Río Yuca Formation  Venezuela Barinas-Apure Basin
[136]
Santacrucian Santa Cruz Formation  Argentina Austral Basin
[137][138]
Aisol Formation  Argentina San Rafael Block
[119]
Cantaure Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[139]
Castillo Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[140]
Cerro Boleadoras Formation  Argentina Austral Basin
[141]
Chaguaramas Formation  Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin
[142]
Chilcatay Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
Chucal Formation - Chucal fauna  Chile Altiplano Basin
[143]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
Jimol Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Mariño Formation  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
Pinturas Formation  Argentina Austral Basin
[144][138]
Río Yuca Formation  Venezuela Barinas-Apure Basin
[136]
Colhuehuapian Colhué Huapí Member  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Biblián Formation  Ecuador Cuenca Basin
[148]
Castillo Formation  Venezuela Falcón Basin
[140]
Cerro Bandera Formation  Argentina Neuquén Basin
[149]
Chichinales Formation  Argentina Neuquén Basin
[150]
Chilcatay Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
Gaiman Formation  Argentina Valdés Basin
[151]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
Monte León Formation  Argentina Austral Basin
[152][138]
Montera Formation  Peru Sechura Basin
[153]
Pirabas Formation  Brazil Amazon Basin
[154]
Río Jeinemeni Formation  Argentina Austral Basin
[141]
Sarmiento Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Uitpa Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Deseadan Deseado Formation  Argentina Deseado Massif
[156]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Agua de la Piedra Formation  Argentina Precordillera
[157]
Barzalosa Formation  Colombia Upper Magdalena Valley
[158]
Chambira Formation  Peru Ucayali Basin
[159]
Chilcatay Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
Dos Bocas Formation  Ecuador Progreso Basin
[160]
Fray Bentos Formation  Argentina
 Uruguay		 Paraná Basin
[161][162]
Gaiman Formation  Argentina Valdés Basin
[151]
Mariño Formation  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
Monte León Formation  Argentina Austral Basin
[152][138]
Moquegua Formation  Peru Moquegua Basin
[163]
Mugrosa Formation  Colombia Middle Magdalena Valley
[164]
Petaca Formation  Bolivia Subandean Belt
[118][116]
"Puca Group" - Lacayani fauna  Bolivia Subandean Belt
[165]
Río Baguales Formation  Chile Aysén Basin
[166]
Salla Formation  Bolivia Salla-Luribay Basin
[167][168]
Sarmiento Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Tremembé Formation/São Paulo Formation  Brazil Taubaté Basin
[169]
Tinguirirican Abanico Formation - Tinguiririca fauna  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Entre-Corrégos Formation  Brazil Aiuruoca Basin
[172]
Gualanday Group  Colombia Central Colombian Ranges
[173]
Laguna Brava Formation  Argentina Precordillera
[174]
Loreto Formation  Chile Magallanes Basin
[175]
El Milagro Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[176]
Otuma Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[131][177]
Sarmiento Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Seca Formation  Ecuador Progreso Basin
[178]
Soncco Formation  Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[179]
Divisaderan Divisadero Largo Formation  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[180]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Andesitas Huancache Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[181]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Leticia Formation  Argentina Austral Basin
[182]
Loreto Formation  Chile Magallanes Basin
[175]
Paracas Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[183]
Pozo Formation  Peru Ucayali Basin
[72][184]
Sarmiento Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Soncco Formation  Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[179]
Yumaque Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[185]
Mustersan Sarmiento Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[155]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Andesitas Huancache Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[181]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Geste Formation  Argentina Puna Plateau
[186][187]
Laguna del Hunco Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
[188]
Paracas Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[183]
Pozo Formation  Peru Ucayali Basin
[72][184]
Soncco Formation  Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[179]
Vaca Mahuida Formation  Argentina Neuquén Basin
[189]
Ventana Formation  Argentina Neuquén Basin
[190]
Yahuarango Formation - Santa Rosa fauna  Peru Ucayali Basin
[191][171]
Casamayoran Casamayor Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[192]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
Cayara Formation  Bolivia Cochabamba Department
[194]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Fonseca Formation  Brazil Fonseca Basin
[195]
Guabirotuba Formation  Brazil Curitiba Basin
[196]
Huitrera Formation  Argentina Neuquén Basin
[197]
Laguna del Hunco Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
[188]
Los Cuervos Formation  Colombia Cesar-Ranchería Basin
[198][199]
Lumbrera Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[200]
Maíz Gordo Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[201]
Quebrada de los Colorados Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[202][203]
Sarmiento Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Riochican Río Chico Group  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[204]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
Bororó Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[205]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Koluel Kaike Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[206]
Maíz Gordo Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[201]
Mogollón Formation  Peru Talara & Tumbes Basins
[207]
Muñani Formation  Peru Altiplano Basin
[208]
Peñas Coloradas Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Río Loro Formation  Argentina Sierras Pampeanas
[210]
Salamanca Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Itaboraian Itaboraí Formation  Brazil Itaboraí Basin
[211]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
Cerrejón Formation  Colombia Cesar-Ranchería Basin
[212]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Koluel Kaike Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[206]
Las Flores Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[213]
Maíz Gordo Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[201]
Mealla Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[214]
Mogollón Formation  Peru Talara & Tumbes Basins
[207]
Muñani Formation  Peru Altiplano Basin
[208]
Peñas Coloradas Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Río Loro Formation  Argentina Sierras Pampeanas
[210]
Peligran Peñas Coloradas Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
Cerrejón Formation  Colombia Cesar-Ranchería Basin
[212]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Guaduas Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[215]
Salamanca Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Santa Lucía Formation  Bolivia Potosí Basin
[216]
Tiupampan Santa Lucía Formation  Bolivia Potosí Basin
[216]
Chota Formation  Peru Bagua Basin
[170][171]
Guaduas Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[215]
Lefipán Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
[217]
Maria Farinha Formation  Brazil Paraíba Basin
[218]
Salamanca Formation  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]

Fossil content

SALMA Group Fossils Formation Notes
Lujanian Mammals Calomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Ctenomys lujanensis, C. magellanicus, Dilobodon lujanensis, Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, L. gracilis, L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patachonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, M. priscus, Neochoerus aesopi, Neochoerus sulcidens, Neuryurus rudis, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Panthera platensis, Pediolagus salinicola, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp. Luján
[219][220]
[221][222]
[223][224]
[225][226]
Holmesina rondoniensis Rio Madeira
[227]
Birds Cathartes fossilis, Lagopterus minutus, Nannopterum brasilianum, Sarcorhamphus fossilis Luján
[222]
Insects Cyclocephala signaticollis, Diloboderus abderus, Epipedonota cristallisata, Nyctelia picipes, Scotobius pilularius Luján
[228]
[229]
Ensenadan Mammals Epieurycerus truncus, Tonnicinctus mirus Ensenada
[230][231]
Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet. Graxaim
[232]
Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp. Mesa
[233][234]
Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp. Miramar
[235]
Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, Canis proplatensis, Chaetophractus tarijensis, C. villosus, Charitoceros tarijensis, Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Coendou magnus, Conepatus suffocans, Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Dasypus cf. villosus, Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri, Felis platensis, Felis yaguaroundi, Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, Lama castelnaudi, L. glama, L. intermedia, L. mesolithica, L. cf. oweni, L. provicugna, Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, M. perditus, Nectomys cf. squamipes, Neochoerus tarijensis, Neothoracophorus cf. elevatus, Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, Propraopus sulcatus, Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, Tapirus terrestris terrestris, Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp. Tarija
[236]
[237][238]
Hippidion devillei, Pardinamys humahuaquensis, Pseudomacrauchenia yepesi, Glyptodon sp., ?Neuryurus sp., cf. Palaeolama sp., Scelidotherium sp., Cervidae indet. Uquía
[239][240]
Glyptodon munizi Vorohué
[241]
Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., Propraopus sp., Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp. Yupoí
[242][243]
Birds Neochen debilis Belgrano
[244]
Anas bahamensis, Anas cheuen, Callonetta talarae, Pleistoanser bravardi, Zonotrichia robusta Miramar
[235][245]
[246][247]
[248]
Vultur gryphus Tarija
[237]
Reptiles &
amphibians		 Leiosaurus marellii La Ensenada
[249]
Caiman venezuelensis, Crocodylia indet. Mesa
[233]
Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp. Tarija
[237]
Fishes Pogonias cromis Graxaim
[232]
Uquian Mammals Chaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, Hydrochoeropsis dasseni, Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Platygonus uquiensis, Pyramiodontherium ?carlesi, Windhausenia delacroixi, Xiphuroides uquiensis, Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., Urotherium sp., Doedicurinae indet., Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet. Uquía
[250]
Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis, Glossotherium sp., Plaxhaplous sp., Cervidae indet. Charana
[251]
Megatherium medinae Chíu-Chíu
[252]
Aenigmys diamantensis, Eumysops sp. Hernandarías
[253]
Thalassocnus yaucensis Pisco
[254]
Panochthus intermedius Sacaba
[255]
Eumysops marplatensis, Neuryurus sp. San Andrés
[256][257]
Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp. San José
[258]
Macrauchenia patagonica, Scelidodon cf. tarijensis, Cervidae indet. Umala
[259]
Eumysops cavoides, E. marplatensis, Galictis sorgentini, Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., Microtragulus sp., Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., Pithanotomys sp., Tremacyllus sp., Toxodon sp., Windhausenia sp. Vorohué
[256]
[260][261]
Birds Phalacrocorax aff. bougainvillii Pisco
[262]
Aratinga vorohuensis Vorohué
[263]
Reptiles Uquiasaurus heptanodonta Uquía
[264]
Chapadmalalan Mammals Didelphis brachyodonta, Didelphis reigi, Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata, Paraglyptodon chapalmalensis, Platygonus marplatensis, Thylophorops chapalmalensis, Marmosa indet. Chapadmalal
[265][266]
[267][268]
[269]
Paedotherium typicum, Paramyocastor diligens, Eumysops sp. Puerto Alvear
[270]
Abrothrix magnus, Chukimys favaloroi Brochero
[271][272]
Caviodon multiplicatus, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Dolicavia minuscula, Eucelophorus cf. chapalmalensis, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Pascualia aff. laeviplicata, Tremacyllus impressus, Actenomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Pithanotomys sp. Río
Quinto
[273]
aff. Holmesina floridianus, Marisela gregoriana, Pliodasypus vergelianus, Boreostemma sp., Cardiatherium sp., cf. Caviodon sp., Cyonasua sp., Neoepiblema sp., Megatheriidae indet., Toxodontidae indet. San
Gregorio
[274][275]
Artigasia magna, Plesiomegatherium hansmeyeri, Pliomegatherium sp. San José
[276]
Chorobates villosissimus, cf. Doellotatus inornatus, Lomaphorops corallinus, Neuryurus cf. giganteus, Pyramiodontherium scillatoyanei, Xyophorus aff. bandesioi, Eoauchenia sp., Paleuphractus sp., cf. Plesiomegatherium sp., Propediolagus sp., cf. Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., cf. Urotherium sp. Toro
Negro
[277][278]
Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Microcavia sp., Plaina sp., Scelidotheridium sp. Uquía
[279]
Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Chapalmalania sp., ?Hyperleptus sp., Nothrotherium sp., Camelidae indet., Caviidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Lestodontini indet., Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet., Tardigrada indet., Toxodontidae indet. Ware
[280][281]
[282]
Birds Llallawavis scagliai Playa
Los Lobos
Allo
[283]
Reptiles &
amphibians		 Rhinella loba Chapadmalal [284]
Anura indet., Squamata indet., Serpentes indet. Brochero
[272]
Crocodylus falconensis San
Gregorio
[285]
Crocodylus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Crocodylidae indet., Podocnemididae indet. Ware
[280][286]
Fishes Carcharhinidae indet., Characidae indet., Cichlidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Doradidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Pristidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Serrasalmidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet. Ware
[280]
Montehermosan Mammals Actenomys latidens, A. priscus, Argyrolagus palmeri, Caviodon australis, Doellotatus inornatus, Eleutherocercus antiquus, Eoauchenia primitiva, Eucelophorus cabrerai, Eumysops formosus, E. laeviplicatus, Holozaedyus laevisculptus, Hyperdidelphys inexpectata, Kraglievichimys formosus, Lagostomus euplasius, L. incises, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Marmosa contrerasi, Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi, Necromys bonapartei, Notocynus hermosicus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Parahyaenodon argentinus, Paramyocastor diligens, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Phtoramys homogenidens, Pithanotomys columnaris, P. macer, Plaina cf. intermedia, Plohophorus figuratus, Promacrauchenia antiqua, P. kraglievichi, Proscelidodon patrius, Pseudoplataeomys formosus, Pseudotypotherium bravardi, Thylatheridium pascuali, Toxodon chapalmalensis, Tremacyllus impressus, Trigodon gaudryi, Caviodon sp., Chorobates sp., Lestodon sp., Lutreolina sp., Macroeuphractus sp., Neocavia sp., Neophanomys sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Phugatherium sp., Prodolichotis sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., Sparassocynus sp., Caviidae indet., Cricetidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Rodentia indet., Sigmodontinae sp., Toxodontidae indet. Monte
Hermoso
[287]
[288][289]
[290][291]
[292][293]
[294][295]
Xotodon caravela Aconquija
[296]
Brachytherium laternarium, Cardiomys ameghinorum, Cavia cabrerai, Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, Chorobates scalabrini, Cyonasua brevirostris, Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium robustum, Microtragulus catamarcensis, Neophanomys biplicatus, Neotamandua conspicua, Orthomyctera andina, Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, Paradidelphys pattersonii, Paraeuphractus prominens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghinoi, Pithanotomys columnaris, Prodolichotis prisca, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Pyramiodontherium bergi, Scelidotherium pendolai, Sphenotherus zavaletianus, Stromaphorus compressidens, Tetrastylus intermedius, Tremacyllus latifrons, Typotheriopsis internum, Palaeocavia sp., Thylacosmilus sp., Toxodontherium sp., Xotodon sp. Andalhuala
[297][298]
Hemisyntrachelus sp. Bahía
Inglesa
[299]
Balaenopteridae indet., Odontoceti indet., Otariidae indet. Caleta
Herradura
[300]
Plesiotypotherium casirense, Simomylodon uccasamamensis Casira
[69][301]
Bolivartherium codorensis, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, cf. Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Mirandabradys zabasi, Proeremotherium eljebe, Alitoxodon sp., Plesiomegatherium sp. Codore
[302]
[303][304]
[305][306]
[307][308]
Delphinus domeykoi, Megaptera hubachi, Pliopontos sp., ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet. Coquimbo
[309][310]
[311]
Borhyaenidium riggsi Corral
Quemado
[312]
Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., cf. Plohophorops sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp. La Paz
[313]
Anadasypus aequatorianus, Caviomorpha indet., Litopterna indet., Toxodontia indet. Letrero
[314]
Cetacea indet. Paraguaná
[315]
Posnanskytherium sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Mylodontidae indet. Remedios
[316]
Plohophorus aff. figuratus Río
Negro
[317]
Oxyodontherium zeballosi Río
Quinto
[318]
Catonyx tarijensis San José
[319]
Aymaratherium jeani, Megatherium altiplanicum, Microtragulus bolivianus, Phugatherium saavedrai, Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Praectenomys rhombidens, P. vagus, Sparassocynus heterotopicus, Macroeuphractus sp., cf. Plaina sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp., ?Caenolestidae indet., Mylodontinae indet. Umala
[320]
[321][322]
Birds Chunga incerta, Dryornis pampeanus, Eudromia cf. elegans, Foetopterus ambiguus, Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, Palaeociconia australis, Protorhea azarae, Tinamisornis intermedius, T. parvulus, Dendrocygninae indet. Monte
Hermoso
[288][289]
Opisthodactylus kirchneri Andalhuala
[298]
Pygoscelis grandis, Spheniscus anglicus Bahía
Inglesa
[323][299][324]
Spheniscus chilensis, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp. Caleta
Herradura
[300]
cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet. Coquimbo
[325][326]
Reptiles &
amphibians		 Ceratophrys ameghinorum, Chelonoidis cf. australis, Lepidobatrachus australis, L. laevis, Testudo formosa, Leptodactylus sp., Tupinambis sp., Bufonidae indet., Colubridae indet. Monte
Hermoso
[327]
[288][289]
[290][328]
Caiman sp., Gavialoidea indet. Ipururo
[329][330]
Fishes Characidae indet., Percichthyidae indet., Trichomycteridae indet. Monte
Hermoso
[288]
Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glauca Bahía
Inglesa
[299]
Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharias sp., Carcharhinus sp., Chondrichthyes indet., Myliobatidae indet. Caleta
Herradura
[300]
Carcharodon carcharias Coquimbo
[331]
Megalodon, Brotula cf. ordwayi, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharhinus priscus, Chilara taylori, Eucinostomus cf. currani, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Isistius triangulus, Larimus cf. pacificus, Lepophidium microlepis, Merluccius cf. angustimanus, Negaprion eurybathrodon, Odontaspis acutissima, Orthopristis cf. cantharinus, Otophidium indefatigabile, Paraconger californiensis, Porichthys analis, P. margaritatus, P. cf. notatus, Rhizoprionodon taxandriae, Anchoa sp., Apogon sp., Citharichthys sp., Diaphus sp., Haemulon sp., Lampadena sp., Cynoglossidae indet., Gerreidae indet., Gobiidae indet., Opistognathidae indet., Pleuronectidae indet., ?Serranidae indet. Onzole
[332][333]
[334]
Megalodon Paraguaná
[315]
Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp. Puerta del
Diablo
[79][335]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
  2. ↑ Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
  3. ↑ In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation[96]

References

  1. ↑ Flynn & Swisher, 1995
  2. ↑ Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
  3. ↑ Blasi et al., 2010, p.88
  4. ↑ Fucks et al., 2011, p.110
  5. ↑ Quebrada Agua Blanca at Fossilworks.org
  6. ↑ Mapa Geológico del Paraguay, 1986, p.42
  7. ↑ Filí, 2001, p.28
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 López Mendoza et al, 2010, p.22
  9. ↑ Alvarenga et al., 2010, p.230
  10. ↑ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.211
  11. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, p.89
  12. ↑ Zurita et al., 2009, p.279
  13. ↑ Soibelzon et al., 2010, p.315
  14. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, p.30
  15. ↑ Villarroel et al., 1989, p.120
  16. ↑ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.74
  17. ↑ Combina & Sánchez, 2003, p.126
  18. ↑ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
  19. ↑ Pardiñas & Galliari, 1998, p.18
  20. ↑ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.75
  21. ↑ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.52
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.72
  23. ↑ Brambilla & Ibarra
  24. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, p.143
  25. ↑ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.76
  26. ↑ Isla et al., 2015, p.245
  27. ↑ Oliveira et al., 2005, p.216
  28. ↑ Villarroel et al., 2001, p.90
  29. ↑ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.212
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.642
  31. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, p.41
  32. ↑ Kerber et al., 2014, p.250
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.639
  34. ↑ Tonni et al., 1999, p.277
  35. ↑ Picasso & Degrange, 2009, p.429
  36. ↑ Agnolin, 2006
  37. ↑ Buchmann et al., 2009, p.9
  38. ↑ Granadino, 2012, p.18
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Isla et al., 2015, p.236
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.640
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Reguero & Candela, 2008, p.291
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Orgeira, 1988, p.26
  43. ↑ Franco et al., 2013, p.41
  44. ↑ Erra et al., 2016, p.65
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 Le Roux et al., 2016, p.46
  46. ↑ Segovia, 2014, p.142
  47. ↑ Renner & Velasco, 2000, p.26
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Castro et al., 2014, p.5
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 Moreno et al., 2015, p.7
  50. ↑ Olivares et al., 2012, p.200
  51. ↑ Elissamburu et al., 2011, p.228
  52. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, p.257
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Muruaga, 2001, p.30
  54. ↑ Zamorano, 2013, p.284
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 Le Roux et al., 2006, p.49
  56. ↑ Carillo Briceño et al., 2013, p.194
  57. ↑ Chávez, 2008
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 Brand et al., 2011
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 59.6 Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.14
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Cerdeño et al., 2008, p.225
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Rinderknecht & Noriega, 2002, p.185
  62. ↑ Ciccioli, 2017, p.72
  63. ↑ Agnolin et al., 2014, p.20
  64. ↑ Albino et al., 2009, p.79
  65. ↑ Bogan & Agnolin, 2009, p.193
  66. ↑ Nasif et al., p.101
  67. ↑ Gutiérrez & Mon, 2004
  68. ↑ Di Celma & Cantalamessa, 2007
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Cerdeño et al., 2012
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Quijano Ballesteros, 2005, p.19
  71. ↑ Bonini, 2014, p.58
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 72.5 72.6 72.7 72.8 72.9 Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Castro Medina, 2010, p.58
  74. ↑ Romero Carrasco, 2017, p.8
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 Finger et al., 2007, p.13
  76. ↑ Ramírez Parrales, 2013, p.52
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Reguero et al., 2015, p.60
  78. ↑ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.19
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Cione et al., 2005, p.57
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.683
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 Pérez, 2012, p.11
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Cozzuol, 2006, p.190
  83. ↑ Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.136
  84. ↑ Garrido et al., 2017, p.54
  85. ↑ Verde, 2002, p.21
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Goin et al., 2000, p.101
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Verzi et al., 2008, p.146
  88. ↑ Morton & Herbst, s.a., p.1
  89. ↑ Cerdeño et al., 2019, p.12
  90. ↑ Czaplewski & Campbell, 2017
  91. ↑ Frailey, 1986, p.4
  92. ↑ García López & Barbot, 2015, p.315
  93. ↑ Franco et al., 2013, p.44
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 Vezzosi, 2015, p.27
  95. ↑ Kiyu Formation at Fossilworks.org
  96. ↑ Verde, 2002, p.20
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Romero et al., 1998, p.60
  98. ↑ Pujos et al., 2012, p.2
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
  100. ↑ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.26
  101. ↑ Morton & Herbst, 2007, p.154
  102. ↑ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.637
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
  104. ↑ Brea et al., 2013, p.28
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 105.4 105.5 Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
  106. ↑ González & Abascal, 2012, p.129
  107. ↑ Baldellón et al., 1994, p.241
  108. ↑ Marshall & Sempere, 1991
  109. ↑ Brandoni et al., 2012, p.10
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 Linares, 2004, p.16
  111. ↑ Deschamps et al., 2009, p.296
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2007, p.301
  113. ↑ Escosteguy et al., 2003
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.4 114.5 Reichler, 2010, p.181
  115. ↑ García et al., 1999, p.251
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 Hernández et al., 2002, p.5
  117. ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.635
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.149
  120. ↑ Penín & Villarroel, 2005, p.138
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 Utgé et al., 2009
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 Cerdeño & Guiomar, 2007, p.201
  123. ↑ Simpson, 1947, p.2
  124. ↑ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.348
  125. ↑ Linares, 2004, p.5
  126. ↑ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.422
  127. ↑ Dalla Salda & Franzese, 1987, p.7
  128. ↑ Croft et al., 2016, p.2
  129. ↑ Marshall, 1990
  130. ↑ Marshall & Salinas, 1990
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 131.4 De la Cruz, 2008, p.53
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
  133. ↑ Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2
  134. ↑ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442
  135. ↑ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Rincón et al., 2016, p.19
  137. ↑ Vizcaíno et al., 2012
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52
  139. ↑ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.20
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Johnson, 2009, p.60
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140
  142. ↑ Horovitz & Sánchez Villagra, 2012, p.145
  143. ↑ Croft et al., 2007, p.781
  144. ↑ Kramarz, 2001, p.10
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 145.3 145.4 145.5 Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 146.2 146.3 146.4 146.5 Godoy et al., 2012
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 147.3 147.4 147.5 Muñoz et al., 2006
  148. ↑ Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47
  149. ↑ Kramarz et al., 2005
  150. ↑ Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Náñez et al., 2009
  153. ↑ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24
  154. ↑ De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207
  155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 155.4 155.5 Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
  156. ↑ Agnolin, 2006, p.27
  157. ↑ Combina & Nullo, 2011, p.201
  158. ↑ Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
  159. ↑ Castro Medina, 2010, p.55
  160. ↑ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.41
  161. ↑ Bond et al., 1998, p.42
  162. ↑ Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.680
  163. ↑ Alván et al., 2017, p.56
  164. ↑ Gómez et al., 2008, p.48
  165. ↑ Billet et al., 2008, p.153
  166. ↑ Le Roux et al., 2010, p.332
  167. ↑ Conoce Nuestra Biodiversidad - Salla
  168. ↑ Reguero & Cerdeño, 2005, p.674
  169. ↑ Do Couto Ribeiro, 2010, p.88
  170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 170.2 170.3 170.4 170.5 170.6 170.7 Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 171.2 171.3 171.4 171.5 171.6 171.7 171.8 Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
  172. ↑ Gonçalves Pereira, 2015, p.124
  173. ↑ Billet et al., 2010
  174. ↑ Vizan et al., 2013
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 Otero et al., 2012
  176. ↑ Castro Medina, 2010, p.56
  177. ↑ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.12
  178. ↑ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.34
  179. ↑ 179.0 179.1 179.2 Carlotto, 2016, p.522
  180. ↑ Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200
  181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6
  182. ↑ Clarke et al., 2003
  183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545
  184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 Castro Medina, 2010, p.54
  185. ↑ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11
  186. ↑ Ciancio et al., 2016, p.577
  187. ↑ López & Bond, 1995, p.92
  188. ↑ 188.0 188.1 Wilf et al., 2005, p.634
  189. ↑ Shelania at Fossilworks.org
  190. ↑ Wilf et al., 2005
  191. ↑ Campbell et al., 2014, p.13
  192. ↑ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.252
  193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 193.2 193.3 Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
  194. ↑ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.633
  195. ↑ Mendes et al., 2015, p.28
  196. ↑ Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
  197. ↑ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.420
  198. ↑ Hernández, 2003, p.47
  199. ↑ Cadena & Schweitzer, 2014, p.461
  200. ↑ Del Papa, 2006, p.314
  201. ↑ 201.0 201.1 201.2 Narváez, 2009, p.24
  202. ↑ Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
  203. ↑ Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
  204. ↑ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
  205. ↑ Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
  206. ↑ 206.0 206.1 Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
  207. ↑ 207.0 207.1 Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
  208. ↑ 208.0 208.1 Gelfo & Goin, 2011
  209. ↑ 209.0 209.1 209.2 209.3 209.4 209.5 Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
  210. ↑ 210.0 210.1 Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
  211. ↑ Oliveira & Goin, 2011
  212. ↑ 212.0 212.1 Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
  213. ↑ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
  214. ↑ Sánchez & Marquillas, 2010, p.389
  215. ↑ 215.0 215.1 Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
  216. ↑ 216.0 216.1 Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
  217. ↑ Goin et al., 2006
  218. ↑ Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
  219. ↑ Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
  220. ↑ Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
  221. ↑ Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
  222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 Luján at Fossilworks.org
  223. ↑ Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
  224. ↑ Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
  225. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
  226. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
  227. ↑ Góis et al., 2012
  228. ↑ Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
  229. ↑ La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
  230. ↑ Góis et al., 2015
  231. ↑ La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
  232. ↑ 232.0 232.1 Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
  233. ↑ 233.0 233.1 El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
  234. ↑ El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
  235. ↑ 235.0 235.1 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
  236. ↑ Machado et al., 2014
  237. ↑ 237.0 237.1 237.2 Tarija at Fossilworks.org
  238. ↑ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
  239. ↑ Ortiz et al., 2013
  240. ↑ Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
  241. ↑ Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
  242. ↑ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
  243. ↑ Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
  244. ↑ Agnolin, 2006, p.93
  245. ↑ Agnolin, 2006, p.83
  246. ↑ Agnolin, 2006, p.84
  247. ↑ Agnolin, 2006, p.86
  248. ↑ Agnolin, 2006, p.88
  249. ↑ Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
  250. ↑ Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
  251. ↑ Charana at Fossilworks.org
  252. ↑ Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
  253. ↑ Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
  254. ↑ East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  255. ↑ 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
  256. ↑ 256.0 256.1 Olivares & Verzi, 2015
  257. ↑ Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
  258. ↑ Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
  259. ↑ Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
  260. ↑ Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
  261. ↑ 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  262. ↑ Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  263. ↑ Tonni & Noriega, 1996
  264. ↑ Daza et al., 2012
  265. ↑ Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  266. ↑ Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
  267. ↑ First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
  268. ↑ Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
  269. ↑ First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
  270. ↑ Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
  271. ↑ Barbière et al., 2016
  272. ↑ 272.0 272.1 Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
  273. ↑ Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
  274. ↑ Castro et al., 2014
  275. ↑ Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
  276. ↑ Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
  277. ↑ Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
  278. ↑ Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
  279. ↑ Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
  280. ↑ 280.0 280.1 280.2 Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
  281. ↑ Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
  282. ↑ Pérez et al., 2017
  283. ↑ Degrange et al., 2015
  284. ↑ Pérez Ben et al., 2019
  285. ↑ Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  286. ↑ Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
  287. ↑ Barbière et al., 2018
  288. ↑ 288.0 288.1 288.2 288.3 Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  289. ↑ 289.0 289.1 289.2 Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
  290. ↑ 290.0 290.1 Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
  291. ↑ Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
  292. ↑ Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
  293. ↑ Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  294. ↑ Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  295. ↑ Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
  296. ↑ Armella et al., 2018
  297. ↑ Candela & Bonini, 2017
  298. ↑ 298.0 298.1 Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
  299. ↑ 299.0 299.1 299.2 Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
  300. ↑ 300.0 300.1 300.2 Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
  301. ↑ Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
  302. ↑ Carrillo et al., 2018
  303. ↑ Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
  304. ↑ La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
  305. ↑ Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
  306. ↑ Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
  307. ↑ Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
  308. ↑ 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  309. ↑ Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
  310. ↑ Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
  311. ↑ Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
  312. ↑ Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
  313. ↑ La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  314. ↑ RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
  315. ↑ 315.0 315.1 El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
  316. ↑ Remedios at Fossilworks.org
  317. ↑ Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
  318. ↑ Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
  319. ↑ Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
  320. ↑ Pujos et al., 2016
  321. ↑ Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  322. ↑ Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
  323. ↑ Benson, 2015
  324. ↑ Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
  325. ↑ La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
  326. ↑ Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
  327. ↑ Nicoli, 2015
  328. ↑ Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
  329. ↑ CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
  330. ↑ CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
  331. ↑ Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
  332. ↑ Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
  333. ↑ Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
  334. ↑ Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
  335. ↑ Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

SALMA

  • Flynn, J., and C.C. Swisher. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54. 317–333.
Paleogene

Pebas Wetlands

Argentina

Paleogene
Pleistocene
Austral Basin
Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Santa Fe Province
Aconquija Formation
Agua de la Piedra Formation
Aisol Formation
Andalhuala Formation
Andesitas Huancache Formation
Arroyo Chasicó Formation
Belgrano Formation
Bororó Formation
Brochero Formation
Casamayor Formation
Cerro Azul Formation
Cerro Bandera Formation
Chapadmalal Formation
Chichinales Formation
Chiquimil Formation
Collón Curá Formation
Deseado Formation
Divisadero Largo Formation
La Ensenada Formation
Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal
Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin
Fortín Tres Pozos Formation
Gaiman Formation
Geste Formation
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Hernandarias Formation
Huayquerías Formation
Huitrera Formation
India Muerta Formation
La Invernada Formation
Ituzaingó Formation
Koluel Kaike Formation
Laguna Brava Formation
  • Vizán, H.; S. Geuna; R. Melchor; E.S. Bellosi; S.L. Lagorio; C. Vásquez; M.S. Japas; G. Ré, and M. Do Campo. 2013. Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina). Tectonophysics 583. 105–123.
Laguna del Hunco Formation
Lefipán Formation
  • Goin, Francisco & Rosendo Pascual, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Javier N. Gelfo, Michael O. Woodburne, Judd A. Case, Marcelo A. Reguero, Mariano Bond, Guillermo M. López, Alberto L. Cione, Daniel Udrizar Sautheir, Lucía Balarino, Roberto A. Scassos, Francisco A. Medina and María C. Ubaldón. 2006. The earliest Tertiary therian mammal from South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26. 505–510. Accessed 2017-10-26.
Leticia Formation
Loma de Las Tapias Formation
Luján Formation
Lumbrera Formation
Maimará Formation
Maíz Gordo Formation
Mariño Formation
Mealla Formation
Miramar & San Andrés Formations
Monte Hermoso Formation
Monte León Formation
El Morterito Formation
Palo Pintado Formation
Paraná Formation
Peñas Coloradas Formation
Pinturas Formation
Piquete Formation
Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation
Puerta del Diablo Formation
Puerto Madryn Formation
Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
Río Chico Group
Río Foyel Formation
Río Loro Formation
  • Pol, Diego, and Jaime E. Powell. 2011. A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163. S7–S36.
Río Mayo Formation
  • Escosteguy, Leonardo; Carlos Dal Molín; Mario Franchi; Silvena Guena; Omar Lapido, and Adolfo Genini. 2003. Hoja Geológica 4772-II Lago Buenos Aires, 1–80. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10.
Río Negro Formation
Río Quinto Formation
Saladillo Formation
Salamanca Formation
Saldungaray Formation
Salicas Formation
Santa Cruz Formation
Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member
Toro Negro Formation
Uquía Formation
Vaca Mahuida Formation
Ventana Formation
Vorohué Formation
Yupoí Formation

Bolivia

Casira Formation
Cerdas beds
Honda Group
Lacayani fauna
Ñuapua Formation
Quehua Formation
Salla Formation
Santa Lucía Formation
Tarija Formation
Umala Formation
Yecua & Petaca Formations

Brazil

  • Rêgo Henriques, Deise Dias; Valéria Gallo da Silva; Luciana Barbosa de Carvalho, and Sergio Alex Kugland de Azevedo. s.a. Coleçao de tipos e figurados (8/1997), 1–20. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Accessed 2017-08-15.
Entre-Corrégos Formation
Fonseca Formation
Graxaim Formation
Guabirotuba Formation
Içá Formation
Itaboraí Formation
Maria Farinha Formation
Pirabas Formation
Rio Madeira Formation
Santa Vitória Formation
Solimões Formation
Touro Passo Formation
Tremembé Formation

Chile

Abanico Formation
Bahía Inglesa Formation
Caleta Herradura Formation
  • Di Celma, Claudio, and Gino Cantalamessa. 2007. Sedimentology and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of a forearc extensional basin: The Miocene Caleta Herradura Formation, Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile. Sedimentary Geology 198. 29–52.
Chíu-Chíu Formation
Chucal Formation
Coquimbo Formation
Cura-Mallín Group
Horcón Formation
Huaylas Formation
Loreto Formation
Navidad Formation
La Portada Formation
Río Baguales Formation
Río Frías Formation

Colombia

Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Cocinetas Basin
Barzalosa Formation
  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Juan Carlos Caicedo A., and Jorge Ignacio Cárdenas. 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92. INGEOMINAS.
Gualanday Group
Honda Group
Los Hoyos beds
Mugrosa Formation
  • Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Alejandro Patiño; Giancarlo Renzoni; Alejandro Beltrán; Claudia Quintero, and Martín Manrique. 2008. Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, 1–105. INGEOMINAS.
Rotinet Formation
Sincelejo Formation

Ecuador

Biblián Formation
Dos Bocas Formation
Letrero Formation
Onzole Formation
Seca Formation

Paraguay

Chaco Formation

Peru

Peruvian Amazon
Sechura Basin
Chambira Formation
Chilcatay Formation
Chota Formation
Iñapari Formation
Madre de Dios Formation
Mogollón Formation
Moquegua Formation
Muñani Formation
Paracas Formation
Pisco Formation
Pozo Formation
Soncco Formation
Yahuarango Formation
Yumaque Formation

Uruguay

Pleistocene
  • Martínez, Sergio A., and M. Ubilla. 2009. El Cuaternario en Uruguay, 195–228. Universidad de la República de Uruguay. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Camacho Formation
Dolores Formation
Fray Bentos Formation
Raigón Formation
San José Formation
Sopas Formation

Venezuela

Chaguaramas Formation
  • Horovitz, Inés, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2012. El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico, 133–156. Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado. Accessed 2017-10-21.
Parángula Formation
Falcón Basin
Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations
Capadare Formation
Castillo Formation
Mesa Formation
Río Yuca Formation
San Gregorio Formation
Santa Inés Formation
Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations

Further reading



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