Biology:List of mammals that can get H5N1

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Short description: Mammal species that have been infected with H5N1


Although a wide variety of bird species have been shown to contract and spread Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, from waterfowl to poultry and birds of prey, mammalian infections have been of particular interest to researchers due to their potential to develop mutations that increase the risk of mammal-to-mammal spread and transmission to and among humans.[1][2][3]

Mammals known to have been infected

Other influenza strains are common among mammals, including humans, but this list only shows those who have been proven to carry H5N1. In October 2022, farmed mink became the first detected mammal able to engage in mammal-to-mammal spread of H5N1.[3]

Animal Date first detected (or publicized) Spread amongst themselves? Spreads to humans? Captive or wild infection? References
Alpaca May 2024 Captive [4]
American black bear November 2022 [5]
Amur leopard September 2022 [5]
Arctic fox 2023 Captive [6]
Asian golden cat 2009 Captive [1]
Beech marten 2007 Wild [1]
Bobcat May 2022 [5]
Bottlenose dolphin August 2022 [5]
Caspian seal December 2022 Under Investigation Wild [7]
Avian influenza in cats 2004 Both [1]
Cattle March 2024 Yes[8][9] Yes[10][11] Captive [12]
Clouded leopard 2009 Captive [1]
Coyote June 2022 [5]
Dog 2004 Captive [1]
Donkey 2009 [1]
Elephant seal November 2023 Wild [13]
Eurasian otter 2021 Wild [14]
Fisher June 2022 [5]
Fur seal November 2023 Wild [13]
Goat March 2024 Captive [15]
Grey seal July 2022 Wild [5]
Grizzly bear December 2022 [5]
Harbor seal July 2022 Wild [5]
Human May 1997 [16]
Kodiak bear December 2022 [5]
Leopard 2003 Captive [1]
Lion 2009 Captive [1]
Mink October 2022 Yes[2] Captive [3]
Mountain lion March 2023 [5]
Mouse June 2024 Wild [5]
Owston's palm civet 2006 [1]
Pig 2004 Captive [1]
Polar bear December 2023 Wild [17]
Raccoon June 2022 [5]
Rat Feb 2025 [18]
Red fox May 2021 Wild [19]
Sea lion November 2022 Wild [20]
Sheep March 2025 [21]
Skunk August 2022 [5]
Striped skunk June 2022 [5]
Tiger 2003 Captive [1]
Vampire bat 2026 Wild [22]
Virginia opossum May 2022 [5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Kaplan, Bryan; Webby, Richard (5 December 2013). "The avian and mammalian host range of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza". Virus Research 178 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.004. PMID 24025480. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nuki, Paul (2 February 2023). "How worried should we be about avian flu?". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/avian-flu-jumping-mammals-experts-fear-humans-will-next/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2023). "Bird flu keeps spreading beyond birds. Scientists worry it signals a growing threat to humans, too". CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/bird-flu-keeps-spreading-beyond-birds-scientists-worry-it-signals-a-growing-threat-to-humans-too-1.6732287. 
  4. ↑ "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Detections in Alpacas". APHIS. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/mammals/highly-pathogenic-avian. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 "Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals". USDA APHIS. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/mammals. 
  6. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (20 July 2023). "H5N1 avian flu strikes more Finnish fur farms, second fox species". CIDRAP. University of Minnesota. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/h5n1-avian-flu-strikes-more-finnish-fur-farms-second-fox-species. 
  7. ↑ Merrick, Jane (1 February 2023). "Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic". The i newspaper. https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/mass-death-of-seals-raises-fears-bird-flu-is-jumping-between-mammals-threatening-new-pandemic-2121376. 
  8. ↑ Polansek, Tom (19 April 2024). "USDA confirms cow-to-cow transmission a factor in bird flu spread". https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/usda-confirms-cow-to-cow-transmission-factor-bird-flu-spread-2024-04-19/. 
  9. ↑ "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024". Emerging Infectious Diseases 30 (7): 1335–1343. April 2024. doi:10.3201/eid3007.240508. PMID 38683888. "Cow-to-cow transmission appears to have occurred because infections were observed in cattle on Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms where avian influenza virus-infected cows were transported.". 
  10. ↑ "Exploring Potential Intermediates in the Cross-Species Transmission of Influenza A Virus to Humans". Viruses 16 (7): 1129. July 2024. doi:10.3390/v16071129. PMID 39066291. "More importantly, cow-to-human transmissions were confirmed by monitoring people exposed to the infected cows or contaminated materials including cow’s milk.". 
  11. ↑ "Influenza A virus in dairy cattle: infection biology and potential mammary gland-targeted vaccines". npj Vaccines 10 (1): 8. January 2025. doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01063-7. PMID 39805898. "This threat has recently reached an unprecedented alarming level after the reports of sustained HPAIV (H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b) infections in dairy cattle and cases of cow-to-human transmission in the USA.". 
  12. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (25 March 2024). "Sick cows in 2 states test positive for avian flu". CIDRAP. University of Minnesota. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/sick-cows-2-states-test-positive-avian-flu. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hinds, Tom (22 January 2024). "Catastrophic Mortality of Elephant Seals in Argentina Identified as Outbreak of Avian Influenza". Veterinary Medecine. UC Davis. https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/news/catastrophic-mortality-elephant-seals-argentina-identified-outbreak-avian-influenza#:~:text=The%20outbreak%20in%20a%20new,transmission%2C%20including%20potentially%20to%20humans&text=The%20first%20reported%20outbreak%20of,identified%20by%20researchers%20in%20Argentina.. 
  14. ↑ Balla, Reemul (2 February 2023). "Bird flu found in nine otters and foxes since 2021". Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/bird-flu-found-in-nine-otters-and-foxes-since-2021-12801352. 
  15. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (20 March 2024). "Avian flu detected for first time in US livestock". CIDRAP. University of Minnesota. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/avian-flu-detected-first-time-us-livestock. 
  16. ↑ "Past Reported Global Human Cases with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) (HPAI H5N1) by Country, 1997-2024". Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/chart-epi-curve-ah5n1.html. 
  17. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (2 January 2024). "Polar bear dies from bird flu as H5N1 spreads across globe". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/02/polar-bear-dies-from-bird-flu-age-of-extinction. 
  18. ↑ "Bird flu confirmed in rats for first time, USDA reports - CBS News" (in en-US). 2025-02-20. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bird-flu-in-rats/. 
  19. ↑ Rijks, Jolianne; Hesselink, Hanna; Lollinga, Pim; Wesselman, Renee; Prins, Pier; Weesendorp, Eefke; Engelsma, Marc; Heutink, Rene et al. (November 2021). "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021". Emerging Infectious Diseases 27 (11): 2960–2962. doi:10.3201/eid2711.211281. PMID 34670656. 
  20. ↑ Prater, Erin (8 February 2023). "The spillover of bird flu to mammals must be 'monitored closely,' WHO officials warn: 'We need to be ready to face outbreaks in humans'". Fortune. https://fortune.com/well/2023/02/08/we-must-prepare-bird-avian-h5n1-flu-cases-humans-who-world-health-organization-says-spillover-mammals-spanish-flu-pandemic-zoonotic-disease-viral-evolution/. 
  21. ↑ "First case of bird flu in sheep found on Yorkshire farm". www.bbc.com. 24 March 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3w1jj0jzl2o. 
  22. ↑ Tu, I-Ting; Lynggaard, Christina; Adams, Lorin; Walsh, Sarah K; Chen, Hanting; Raveendran, Savitha; Turnbull, Matthew L; Griffiths, Megan E et al. (2025-11-11) (in en), Spillover of H5 influenza viruses to vampire bats at the marine-terrestrial interface, doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.686930, http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2025.11.09.686930, retrieved 2026-05-06 

Further reading

  • HHS U.S. Department of Health & Human Services's Pandemic Influenza Plan



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