Biology:List of pelycosaurs

Short description: none

This list of pelycosaurs is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the synapsida excluding therapsida and purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered pelycosaurs.

The list currently contains 83 generic names.

Naming conventions and terminology

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

List

Genus	Authors	Year	Status	Age	Location	Notes
Aerosaurus	Romer	1937	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[1] - Lower Permian^[2]	United States of America^[2]
Angelosaurus	Olson Beerbower	1953	Valid.	Upper Permian^[3]	United States of America^[3]
Anglosaurus	Bruner	1991	Sic	N/A	N/A	Incorrect spelling for Angelosaurus^[4]
Apsisaurus	Laurin	1991	Valid.	Lower Permian^[5]	United States of America^[5]	Formerly assigned as a "eosuchian" diapsid.^[6]
Archaeobelus	Cope	1877	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Clepsydrops^[4]
Archaeothyris	Reisz	1972	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[1]	United States of America^[1]
Archaeovenator	Reisz Dilkes	2003	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[7]	United States of America^[7]
Arribasaurus	Williston	1914	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Ophiacodon^[8]
Baldwinonus	Romer Price	1940	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[1] - Early Permian^[9]	United States of America^[9]
Basicranodon	Vaughn	1958	Syn.	Lower Permian^[1]	United States of America^[1]	Synonym of Mycterosaurus^[10]
Bathyglyptus	Case	1911	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Dimetrodon^[8]
Bathygnathus	Leidy	1854	Valid.	Lower Permian^[4]	United States of America^[4]
Brachycnemius	Williston	1911	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Edaphosaurus^[4]^[8]
Callibrachion	Boule Glangeau	1893	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Haptodus^[8]
Casea	Williston	1910	Valid.	Lower Permian^[1]	France and United States of America^[1]
Caseoides	Olson Beerbower	1953	Valid.	Lower Permian^[11]	United States of America^[11]
Caseopsis	Olson	1962	Valid.	Upper Permian^[12]	United States of America^[12]
Clepsydrops	Cope	1875	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[4]	United States of America^[4]
Colobomycter	Vaughn	1958	Valid.	Lower Permian^[4]	United States of America^[4]	It is a protorothyridid eureptile^[13]
Cotylorhynchus	Stovall	1937	Valid.	Lower Permian^[1]	United States of America^[1]
Cryptovenator	Fröbisch Schoch Müller Schindler Schweiss	2011	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[14]	Germany^[14]
Ctenorhachis	Hook Hotton	1991	Valid.	Upper Permian^[15]	United States of America^[15]
Ctenospondylus	Romer	1936	Valid.	Lower Permian^[11]	United States^[11]
Cutleria	Lewis Vaughn	1965	Valid.	Early Permian^[16]	United States of America^[16]
Delorhynchus	Fox	1962	Valid.	Lower Permian^[9]	United States of America^[9]	Originally descript as a pelycosaur, but probably a parareptile^[17]
Datheosaurus	Schroeder	1905	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Haptodus^[8]
Dimacrodon	Olson Beerbower	1953	Valid?	Lower Permian^[18]	United States^[18]	Originally descript as an anomodont therapsid by Olson & Beerbower (1953) and Olson (1962), it lacks any diagnostic features of anomodonts and rather represent pelycosaur-grade synapsids^[18]
Dimetrodon	Cope	1878	Valid.	Early Permian^[19] - Middle Permian	United States of America^[19] and Germany ^[20]
Diopaeus	Cope	1892	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Ophiacodon^[8]
Echinerpeton	Reisz	1972	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[21]	Canada^[21]
Edaphosaurus	Cope	1882	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[19] - Lower Permian^[22]	Czech Republic ^[19] and United States of America^[22]
Elcabrosaurus	Case	1907	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Sphenacodon^[23]
Elliotsmithia	Broom	1937	Valid.	Middle-Upper Permian^[24]	South Africa^[24]
Embolophorus	Cope	1878	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Dimetrodon^[8]
Ennatosaurus	Efremov	1956	Valid.	Lower Permian^[25]	Russia^[25]
Eothyris	Romer	1937	Valid.	Lower Permian^[2]	United States of America^[2]
Eumatthevia	Broom	1930	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Mycterosaurus^[8]
Euromycter	Reisz Maddin Fröbisch Falconnet	2011	Valid.	Early-Late Permian^[26]	France^[26]
Glaucosaurus	Williston	1915	Valid.	Lower Permian^[27]	United States of America^[27]
Haptodus	Gaudry	1866	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[1] - Lower Permian^[28]	United States of America^[1] and Europe^[28]
Heleosaurus	Broom	1907	Valid.	Upper Permian^[29]	South Africa^[29]
Ianthasaurus	Reisz Berman	1986	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[22]	United States of America^[22]
Ianthodon	Kissel Reisz	2004	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[30]	United States of America^[30]
Ianthosaurus	Reisz Berman	1986	Sic	N/A	N/A	Incorrect spelling of Ianthasaurus
Lupeosaurus	Romer	1937	Valid.	Lower Permian^[2]	United States of America^[2]
Macromerion	Fritsch	1879	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[31]	Germany^[31]
Mesenosaurus	Efremov	1938	Valid.	Lower Permian^[25]	Russia^[25]
Mesonosaurus	Ivakhnenko Kurzanov	1979	Sic	N/A	N/A	Incorrect spelling of Mesenosaurus
Milosaurus	DeMar	1970	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[4]	United States of America^[4]
Mycterosaurus	Williston	1915	Valid.	Lower Permian^[1]	United States of America^[1]
Naosaurus	Cope	1886	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Edaphosaurus^[22]
Neosaurus	Nopsca	1923	Valid.	Lower Permian^[31]	France^[31]
Nitosaurus	Romer	1937	Valid.	Lower Permian^[2]	United States of America^[2]
Oedaleops	Langston	1965	Valid.	Lower Permian^[9]	United States of America^[9]
Ophiacodon	Marsh	1878	Valid.	Late Carboniferous-Lower Permian^[1]	United States of America^[1] and England^[31]
Oromycter	Reisz	2005	Valid.	Lower Permian^[32]	United States of America^[32]
Oxyodon	Huene	1908	Preocc.	N/A	N/A	Preoccupied by fish genus Oxyodon Brauer, 1906. Synonym of Sphenacodon^[8]
Palaeohatteria	Credner	1888	Valid.	Early Permian^[33]	Germany^[33]
Palaeosphenodon	Baur	1889	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Palaeohatteria
Pantelosaurus	von Huene	1925	Valid.	Early Permian^[34]	Germany^[34]
Phreatophasma	Efremov	1954	Valid.	Middle Permian^[25]	Russia^[25]
Poecilospondylus	Case	1910	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Varanosaurus^[35]
Poliosaurus	Case	1907	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Ophiacodon^[8]
Protoclepsydrops	Carroll	1964	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[21]	Canada^[21]
Pyozia	Anderson Reisz	2004	Valid.	Middle Permian^[36]	Russia^[36]
Ruthenosaurus	Reisz Maddin Fröbisch Falconnet	2011	Valid.	Early-Late Permian^[26]	France^[26]
Ruthiromia	Eberth Brinkman	1983	Valid.	Lower Permian^[37]	United States of America^[37]
Scoliomus	Williston Case	1915	Syn.	Lower Permian^[38]	United States of America^[38]	Junior synonym of Sphenacodon^[38]
Secodontosaurus	Romer	1936	Valid.	Lower Permian^[4]	United States of America^[4]
Sphenacodon	Marsh	1878	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[1]-Early Permian	United States of America^[1] and England^[31]
Stereophallodon	Romer	1937	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[9]-Early Permian^[2]	United States of America^[2]
Stereorhachis	Gaudry	1880	Valid.	Late Carboniferous^[1]	France^[1]
Theropleura	Cope	1878	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Ophiacodon (in partium) and Dimetrodon (in partium)^[8]
Therosaurus	von Huene	1925	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Ophiacodon^[8]
Thrausmosaurus	Fox	1962	Valid.	Lower Permian^[17]	United States of America^[17]	The type species, T. serratidens, was declared to be a nomen dubium^[17]
Trichasaurus	Williston	1913	Valid.	Lower Permian^[4]	United States of America^[4]	Replacement name for Trispondylus Williston, 1910
Trispondylus	Williston	1910	Preocc.	N/A	N/A	Preoccupied by phenacodontid Trispondylus Cope, 1884
Varanodon	Olson	1965	Valid.	Lower Permian^[11]	United States of America^[11]
Varanops	Williston	1911	Valid.	Lower Permian^[1]	United States of America^[1]
Varanosaurus	Broili	1904	Valid.	Lower Permian^[1]	United States of America^[1]
Xyrospondylus	Reisz Heaton Pynn	1982	Valid.	Upper Carboniferous^[8]	United States of America^[8]
Watongia	Olson	1974	Valid.	Middle Permian^[39]	United States of America^[39]
Winfeldia	Romer	1925	Syn.	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Ophiacodon^[8]

Archaeovenator

Casea

Cotylorhynchus

Ctenospondylus

Dimetrodon

Edaphosaurus

Ennatosaurus

Haptodus

Ianthasaurus

Mycterosaurus

Oedaleops

Ophiacodon

Secodontosaurus

Sphenacodon

Varanodon

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 ^1.19 ^1.20 ^1.21 ^1.22 ^1.23 Berman, D. S.; Sumida, S. S.; Lombard, R. E. (1997). "Biogeography of primitive amniotes". in Sumida, S. J.. Amniote Origins - Completing the Transition to Land. Academic Press. pp. 85–140. ISBN 978-0-12-676460-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9f7rafLJbWUC&q=Xyrospondylus&pg=PA106.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 ^2.9 Romer, A. S. (1937). "New genera and species of pelycosaurian reptiles". Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club XVI: 90–96.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Olson, E. C.; Barghusen, H. (1962). "Permian vertebrates from Oklahoma and Texas". Oklahoma Geological Survey 59: 1–20.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 Bruner, J. C. (1991). "A catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates in the Field Museum of Natural History. Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and ichnites". Geology 22: 1–68. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3392.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Reisz, R.R.; Laurin, M.; Marjanovic, D. (2010). "Apsisaurs witteri from the lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (5): 1628–1631. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501441.
↑ Laurin, M. (1991). "The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 101 (1): 59–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Reisz, R. R.; Dilkes, D. W. (2003). "Archaeovenator hamiltonensis, a new varanopid from the upper carboniferous of Kansas". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40 (4): 667–678. doi:10.1139/e02-063.
↑ ^8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H Freeman Company. pp. 688. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2. https://archive.org/details/vertebratepaleon0000carr.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 Langston, W. (1965). "Oedalops campi (Reptilia: Pelycosauria) new genus and species from the Lower Permian of New Mexico and the family Eothryrididae". Bulletim of Texas Memorial Museum 9: 1–45.
↑ Reisz, R. R.; Wilson, H.; Scott, D. (1997). "Varanopseid synapsid skeletal elements from Richards Spur, a Lower Permian fissure fill near Fort Sill". Oklahoma Geology Notes 57: 160–170.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 Lucas, S. G. (2006). "Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology". Non-marine Permian biostratigraphy and biochronology. Geological Society. pp. 65–94. ISBN 978-1-86239-206-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=iMXWg3K4hcQC.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Olson, E. C. (1962). "Late Permian Terrestrial Vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 52 (2): 1–196. doi:10.2307/1005904.
↑ Modesto, S. P.; Reisz, R. R. (2008). "New material of Colobomycter pholeter, a small parareptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (3): 677–684. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[677:NMOCPA2.0.CO;2].
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Fröbisch, J.; Schoch, R.R.; Müller, J.; Schindler, T. Schweiss, D. (2010). "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56: 113–120. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0039.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Hook, R. W.; Hotton, N. (1991). "A new sphenacodontid pelycosaur (Synapsida) from the Wichita Group, Lower Permian of north-central Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 37–44. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011374.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Lewis, G.E.; Vaughn, P.P. (1965). "Early Permian Vertebrates from the Cutler Formation of the Placerville Area, Colorado". United States Geological Survey Professional Papers 503 (C): 1–46.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 Evans, D. C.; Maddin, H. C.; Reisz, R. R. (2009). "A Re-evaluation of Sphenacodontid Synapsid Material from the Lower Permian Fissure Fills near Richards Spur, Oklahoma". Palaeontology 52 (1): 219–227. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00837.x.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Sidor, C.A. & Hopson, J.A. (1995). "The taxonomic status of the Upper Permian eotheriodont therapsids of the San Angelo Formation (Guadalupian), Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (suppl. 3): 1–66. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011277.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 The Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Collier Books. 1992. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-02-042981-4.
↑ Berman, D. S.; Reisz, R. R.; Martens, T.; Henrici, A. C. (2001). "A new species of Dimetrodon (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the Lower Permian of Germany records first occurrence of genus outside North America". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38 (5): 803–812. doi:10.1139/cjes-38-5-803. Bibcode: 2001CaJES..38..803B.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 Benton, M. J.; Donoghue, P. C. J. (2006). "Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl150. PMID 17047029.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 Modesto, S. P.; Reisz, R. R. (1990). "Taxonomic status of Edaphosaurus raymondi Case". Journal of Paleontology 60 (6): 1049–1051. doi:10.1017/S0022336000019910.
↑ Reisz, R. R. (1986). "Pelycosauria". in Sues, H. D. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie Part 17-A. Pfeil-Verlag. pp. 1–102. ISBN 978-3-89937-032-4. http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/df1.html.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Dilkes, D. W.; Reisz, R. R. (1996). "First record of a basal synapsid ('Mammal-like Reptile') in Gondwana". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 263 (1374): 1165–1170. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0170.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 ^25.3 ^25.4 ^25.5 Modesto, S. P.; Rybcynski, N. (2001). "The amniote faunas of the Russian Permian: implications for Late Permian terrestrial vertebrate biogeography". The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–34. ISBN 978-0-521-54582-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=VRPwsF3cpPAC&q=Ulemica&pg=PA27.
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 ^26.3 Reisz, R.R.; Maddin, H.C.; Fröbisch, J.; Falconnet, J. (2011). "A new large caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Permian of Rodez (France), including a reappraisal of "Casea" rutena Sigogneau-Russell & Russell, 1974". Geodiversitas 33 (2): 227–246. doi:10.5252/g2011n2a2. http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/36313_g2011n2a2.pdf.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Modesto, S. P. (1994). "The Lower Permian synapsid Glaucosaurus from Texas". Palaeontology 37 (1): 51–60.
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 Kemp, T. S. (2005). The Origin & Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-19-850761-1.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Reisz, R. R.; Modesto, S. P. (2007). "Heleosaurus scholtzi from the Permian of South Africa: a varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid reptile". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3): 734–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[734:HSFTPO2.0.CO;2].
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Kissel, R. A.; Reisz, R. R. (2004). "Synapsid fauna of the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas and the diversity pattern of early amniotes". Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Pfeil-Verlag. p. 703. ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2. http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/07pala/e3_52d.php#18.
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 ^31.2 ^31.3 ^31.4 ^31.5 Paton, R. L. (1974). "Lower Permian pelycosaurs from the English midlands". Palaeontology 17 (3): 541–552.
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 Reisz, R. R. (2005). "Oromycter, a New Caseid from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 905–910. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0905:OANCFT2.0.CO;2].
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 Credner, C.F.H. (1888). "Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. VII Theil: Palaeohatteria longicaudata Cred". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 40: 490–558.
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 von Huene, F. (1925). "Ein neuer Pelycosaurier aus der unteren Permformaiton Sachens". Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen 18: 215–264.
↑ Sumida, S. S. (1989). "Reinterpretation of vertebral structure in the Early Permian pelycosaur Varanosaurus acutirostris (Amniota, Synapsida)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 (4): 451–458. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011777.
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 Anderson, J. S.; Reisz, R. R. (2004). "Pyozia mesenensis, a new small varanopid (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Russia: "Pelycosaur" diversity in the Middle Permian". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1671/1940-13.
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 Eberth, D. A.; Brinkman, D. (1983). "Ruthiromia elcobriensis, a new pelycosaur from El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico". Breviora 474: 1–27.
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 Reisz, R. R.; Berman, D. S. (1985). "Scoliomus puercensis Williston and Case, 1913, identified as a junior synonym of Sphenacodon ferox Marsh (Reptilia, Pelycosauria)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22 (8): 1236–1239. doi:10.1139/e85-126. Bibcode: 1985CaJES..22.1236R.
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 Reisz, R. R.; Laurin, M. (2004). "A reevaluation of the enigmatic Permian synapsid Watongia and of its stratigraphic significance". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41 (4): 377–386. doi:10.1139/e04-016. Bibcode: 2004CaJES..41..377R.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of pelycosaurs. Read more

[Sumida-Martin-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 ^1.19 ^1.20 ^1.21 ^1.22 ^1.23 Berman, D. S.; Sumida, S. S.; Lombard, R. E. (1997). "Biogeography of primitive amniotes". in Sumida, S. J.. Amniote Origins - Completing the Transition to Land. Academic Press. pp. 85–140. ISBN 978-0-12-676460-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9f7rafLJbWUC&q=Xyrospondylus&pg=PA106.

[Romer-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 ^2.9 Romer, A. S. (1937). "New genera and species of pelycosaurian reptiles". Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club XVI: 90–96.

[Olson-Beerbower-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Olson, E. C.; Barghusen, H. (1962). "Permian vertebrates from Oklahoma and Texas". Oklahoma Geological Survey 59: 1–20.

[Bruner-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 Bruner, J. C. (1991). "A catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates in the Field Museum of Natural History. Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and ichnites". Geology 22: 1–68. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3392.

[Reiszetal10-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Reisz, R.R.; Laurin, M.; Marjanovic, D. (2010). "Apsisaurs witteri from the lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (5): 1628–1631. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501441.

[Apsisaurus-6] Laurin, M. (1991). "The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 101 (1): 59–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x.

[Reisz-Dilkes03-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Reisz, R. R.; Dilkes, D. W. (2003). "Archaeovenator hamiltonensis, a new varanopid from the upper carboniferous of Kansas". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40 (4): 667–678. doi:10.1139/e02-063.

[Carroll-8] 8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H Freeman Company. pp. 688. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2. https://archive.org/details/vertebratepaleon0000carr.

[Langston-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 Langston, W. (1965). "Oedalops campi (Reptilia: Pelycosauria) new genus and species from the Lower Permian of New Mexico and the family Eothryrididae". Bulletim of Texas Memorial Museum 9: 1–45.

[Reisz-Wilson-Scott-10] Reisz, R. R.; Wilson, H.; Scott, D. (1997). "Varanopseid synapsid skeletal elements from Richards Spur, a Lower Permian fissure fill near Fort Sill". Oklahoma Geology Notes 57: 160–170.

[LucasSG-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 Lucas, S. G. (2006). "Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology". Non-marine Permian biostratigraphy and biochronology. Geological Society. pp. 65–94. ISBN 978-1-86239-206-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=iMXWg3K4hcQC.

[Olson62-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Olson, E. C. (1962). "Late Permian Terrestrial Vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 52 (2): 1–196. doi:10.2307/1005904.

[Modesto-Reisz08-13] Modesto, S. P.; Reisz, R. R. (2008). "New material of Colobomycter pholeter, a small parareptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (3): 677–684. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[677:NMOCPA2.0.CO;2].

[Frobischetal10-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Fröbisch, J.; Schoch, R.R.; Müller, J.; Schindler, T. Schweiss, D. (2010). "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56: 113–120. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0039.

[Hook-Hotton-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Hook, R. W.; Hotton, N. (1991). "A new sphenacodontid pelycosaur (Synapsida) from the Wichita Group, Lower Permian of north-central Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 37–44. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011374.

[Cutleria-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Lewis, G.E.; Vaughn, P.P. (1965). "Early Permian Vertebrates from the Cutler Formation of the Placerville Area, Colorado". United States Geological Survey Professional Papers 503 (C): 1–46.

[Evans-Maddin-Reisz-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 Evans, D. C.; Maddin, H. C.; Reisz, R. R. (2009). "A Re-evaluation of Sphenacodontid Synapsid Material from the Lower Permian Fissure Fills near Richards Spur, Oklahoma". Palaeontology 52 (1): 219–227. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00837.x.

[SidorHopson-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Sidor, C.A. & Hopson, J.A. (1995). "The taxonomic status of the Upper Permian eotheriodont therapsids of the San Angelo Formation (Guadalupian), Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (suppl. 3): 1–66. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011277.

[Dixon-Cox-Savage-Gardine-19] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 The Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Collier Books. 1992. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-02-042981-4.

[Berman_et_al_01-20] Berman, D. S.; Reisz, R. R.; Martens, T.; Henrici, A. C. (2001). "A new species of Dimetrodon (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the Lower Permian of Germany records first occurrence of genus outside North America". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38 (5): 803–812. doi:10.1139/cjes-38-5-803. Bibcode: 2001CaJES..38..803B.

[Benton-Donoghue-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 Benton, M. J.; Donoghue, P. C. J. (2006). "Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl150. PMID 17047029.

[Modesto-Reisz90-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 Modesto, S. P.; Reisz, R. R. (1990). "Taxonomic status of Edaphosaurus raymondi Case". Journal of Paleontology 60 (6): 1049–1051. doi:10.1017/S0022336000019910.

[Reisz86-23] Reisz, R. R. (1986). "Pelycosauria". in Sues, H. D. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie Part 17-A. Pfeil-Verlag. pp. 1–102. ISBN 978-3-89937-032-4. http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/df1.html.

[Dilkes-Reisz-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Dilkes, D. W.; Reisz, R. R. (1996). "First record of a basal synapsid ('Mammal-like Reptile') in Gondwana". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 263 (1374): 1165–1170. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0170.

[Modesto-Rybcynski-25] 25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 ^25.3 ^25.4 ^25.5 Modesto, S. P.; Rybcynski, N. (2001). "The amniote faunas of the Russian Permian: implications for Late Permian terrestrial vertebrate biogeography". The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–34. ISBN 978-0-521-54582-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=VRPwsF3cpPAC&q=Ulemica&pg=PA27.

[Euromycter-26] 26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 ^26.3 Reisz, R.R.; Maddin, H.C.; Fröbisch, J.; Falconnet, J. (2011). "A new large caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Permian of Rodez (France), including a reappraisal of "Casea" rutena Sigogneau-Russell & Russell, 1974". Geodiversitas 33 (2): 227–246. doi:10.5252/g2011n2a2. http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/36313_g2011n2a2.pdf.

[Modesto-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Modesto, S. P. (1994). "The Lower Permian synapsid Glaucosaurus from Texas". Palaeontology 37 (1): 51–60.

[Kemp05-28] 28.0 ^28.1 Kemp, T. S. (2005). The Origin & Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-19-850761-1.

[Reisz-Modesto07-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Reisz, R. R.; Modesto, S. P. (2007). "Heleosaurus scholtzi from the Permian of South Africa: a varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid reptile". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3): 734–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[734:HSFTPO2.0.CO;2].

[Kissel-Reisz-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Kissel, R. A.; Reisz, R. R. (2004). "Synapsid fauna of the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas and the diversity pattern of early amniotes". Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Pfeil-Verlag. p. 703. ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2. http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/07pala/e3_52d.php#18.

[Paton-31] 31.0 ^31.1 ^31.2 ^31.3 ^31.4 ^31.5 Paton, R. L. (1974). "Lower Permian pelycosaurs from the English midlands". Palaeontology 17 (3): 541–552.

[Reisz05-32] 32.0 ^32.1 Reisz, R. R. (2005). "Oromycter, a New Caseid from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 905–910. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0905:OANCFT2.0.CO;2].

[Palaeohatteria-33] 33.0 ^33.1 Credner, C.F.H. (1888). "Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. VII Theil: Palaeohatteria longicaudata Cred". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 40: 490–558.

[Pantelosaurus-34] 34.0 ^34.1 von Huene, F. (1925). "Ein neuer Pelycosaurier aus der unteren Permformaiton Sachens". Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen 18: 215–264.

[Sumida-35] Sumida, S. S. (1989). "Reinterpretation of vertebral structure in the Early Permian pelycosaur Varanosaurus acutirostris (Amniota, Synapsida)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 (4): 451–458. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011777.

[Anderson-Reisz-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Anderson, J. S.; Reisz, R. R. (2004). "Pyozia mesenensis, a new small varanopid (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Russia: "Pelycosaur" diversity in the Middle Permian". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1671/1940-13.

[Eberth-Brinkman-37] 37.0 ^37.1 Eberth, D. A.; Brinkman, D. (1983). "Ruthiromia elcobriensis, a new pelycosaur from El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico". Breviora 474: 1–27.

[Reisz-Berman85-38] 38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 Reisz, R. R.; Berman, D. S. (1985). "Scoliomus puercensis Williston and Case, 1913, identified as a junior synonym of Sphenacodon ferox Marsh (Reptilia, Pelycosauria)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22 (8): 1236–1239. doi:10.1139/e85-126. Bibcode: 1985CaJES..22.1236R.

[Reisz-Laurin-39] 39.0 ^39.1 Reisz, R. R.; Laurin, M. (2004). "A reevaluation of the enigmatic Permian synapsid Watongia and of its stratigraphic significance". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41 (4): 377–386. doi:10.1139/e04-016. Bibcode: 2004CaJES..41..377R.

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